Infrastructure for separate-object block handler

Requires one unstable feature

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,4 @@
 target
+.schala_repl
+.schala_history
+rusty-tags.vi

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 [package]
-name = "null_only_language"
+name = "schala"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["greg <greg.shuflin@protonmail.com>"]
 
 [dependencies]
 
-simplerepl = { path = "../simplerepl" }
-llvm-sys = "*"
+schala-repl = { path = "schala-repl" }
+schala-lang = { path = "schala-lang/language" }
+# maaru-lang = { path = "maaru" }
+# rukka-lang = { path = "rukka" }
+# robo-lang = { path = "robo" }
 
-[dependencies.iron_llvm]
-git = "https://github.com/jauhien/iron-llvm.git"
+[build-dependencies]
+includedir_codegen = "0.2.0"
+
+[workspace]

HindleyMilner.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,920 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase                 #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedLists            #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings          #-}
+
+
+
+-- | This module is an extensively documented walkthrough for typechecking a
+-- basic functional language using the Hindley-Damas-Milner algorithm.
+--
+-- In the end, we'll be able to infer the type of expressions like
+--
+-- @
+-- find (λx. (>) x 0)
+--   :: [Integer] -> Either () Integer
+-- @
+--
+-- It can be used in multiple different forms:
+--
+--  * The source is written in literate programming style, so you can almost
+--    read it from top to bottom, minus some few references to later topics.
+--  * /Loads/ of doctests (runnable and verified code examples) are included
+--  * The code is runnable in GHCi, all definitions are exposed.
+--  * A small main module that gives many examples of what you might try out in
+--    GHCi is also included.
+--  * The Haddock output yields a nice overview over the definitions given, with
+--    a nice rendering of a truckload of Haddock comments.
+
+module HindleyMilner where
+
+import           Control.Monad.Trans
+import           Control.Monad.Trans.Except
+import           Control.Monad.Trans.State
+import           Data.Map                   (Map)
+import qualified Data.Map                   as M
+import           Data.Monoid
+import           Data.Set                   (Set)
+import qualified Data.Set                   as S
+import           Data.String
+import           Data.Text                  (Text)
+import qualified Data.Text                  as T
+
+
+
+-- $setup
+--
+-- For running doctests:
+--
+-- >>> :set -XOverloadedStrings
+-- >>> :set -XOverloadedLists
+-- >>> :set -XLambdaCase
+-- >>> import qualified Data.Text.IO as T
+-- >>> let putPprLn = T.putStrLn . ppr
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- #############################################################################
+-- * Preliminaries
+-- #############################################################################
+-- #############################################################################
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** Prettyprinting
+-- #############################################################################
+
+
+
+-- | A prettyprinter class. Similar to 'Show', but with a focus on having
+-- human-readable output as opposed to being valid Haskell.
+class Pretty a where
+    ppr :: a -> Text
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** Names
+-- #############################################################################
+
+
+
+-- | A 'name' is an identifier in the language we're going to typecheck.
+-- Variables on both the term and type level have 'Name's, for example.
+newtype Name = Name Text
+    deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)
+
+-- | >>> "lorem" :: Name
+-- Name "lorem"
+instance IsString Name where
+    fromString = Name . T.pack
+
+-- | >>> putPprLn (Name "var")
+-- var
+instance Pretty Name where
+    ppr (Name n) = n
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** Monotypes
+-- #############################################################################
+
+
+
+-- | A monotype is an unquantified/unparametric type, in other words it contains
+-- no @forall@s. Monotypes are the inner building blocks of all types. Examples
+-- of monotypes are @Int@, @a@, @a -> b@.
+--
+-- In formal notation, 'MType's are often called τ (tau) types.
+data MType = TVar Name           -- ^ @a@
+           | TFun MType MType    -- ^ @a -> b@
+           | TConst Name         -- ^ @Int@, @()@, …
+
+           -- Since we can't declare our own types in our simple type system
+           -- here, we'll hard-code certain basic ones so we can typecheck some
+           -- familar functions that use them later.
+           | TList MType         -- ^ @[a]@
+           | TEither MType MType -- ^ @Either a b@
+           | TTuple MType MType  -- ^ @(a,b)@
+           deriving Show
+
+-- | >>> putPprLn (TFun (TEither (TVar "a") (TVar "b")) (TFun (TVar "c") (TVar "d")))
+-- Either a b → c → d
+--
+-- Using the 'IsString' instance:
+--
+-- >>> putPprLn (TFun (TEither "a" "b") (TFun "c" "d"))
+-- Either a b → c → d
+instance Pretty MType where
+    ppr = go False
+      where
+        go _ (TVar name)   = ppr name
+        go _ (TList a)     = "[" <> ppr a <> "]"
+        go _ (TEither l r) = "Either " <> ppr l <> " " <> ppr r
+        go _ (TTuple a b)  = "(" <> ppr a <> ", " <> ppr b <> ")"
+        go _ (TConst name) = ppr name
+        go parenthesize (TFun a b)
+            | parenthesize = "(" <> lhs <> " → " <> rhs <> ")"
+            | otherwise    =        lhs <> " → " <> rhs
+            where lhs = go True a
+                  rhs = go False b
+
+-- | >>> "var" :: MType
+-- TVar (Name "var")
+instance IsString MType where
+    fromString = TVar . fromString
+
+
+
+-- | The free variables of an 'MType'. This is simply the collection of all the
+-- individual type variables occurring inside of it.
+--
+-- __Example:__ The free variables of @a -> b@ are @a@ and @b@.
+freeMType :: MType -> Set Name
+freeMType = \case
+    TVar a      -> [a]
+    TFun a b    -> freeMType a <> freeMType b
+    TList a     -> freeMType a
+    TEither l r -> freeMType l <> freeMType r
+    TTuple a b  -> freeMType a <> freeMType b
+    TConst _    -> []
+
+
+
+-- | Substitute all the contained type variables mentioned in the substitution,
+-- and leave everything else alone.
+instance Substitutable MType where
+    applySubst s = \case
+        TVar a -> let Subst s' = s
+                  in M.findWithDefault (TVar a) a s'
+        TFun f x    -> TFun (applySubst s f) (applySubst s x)
+        TList a     -> TList (applySubst s a)
+        TEither l r -> TEither (applySubst s l) (applySubst s r)
+        TTuple a b  -> TTuple (applySubst s a) (applySubst s b)
+        c@TConst {} -> c
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** Polytypes
+-- #############################################################################
+
+-- | A polytype is a monotype universally quantified over a number of type
+-- variables. In Haskell, all definitions have polytypes, but since the @forall@
+-- is implicit they look a bit like monotypes, maybe confusingly so. For
+-- example, the type of @1 :: Int@ is actually @forall <nothing>. Int@, and the
+-- type of @id@ is @forall a. a -> a@, although GHC displays it as @a -> a@.
+--
+-- A polytype claims to work "for all imaginable type parameters", very similar
+-- to how a lambda claims to work "for all imaginable value parameters". We can
+-- insert a value into a lambda's parameter to evaluate it to a new value, and
+-- similarly we'll later insert types into a polytype's quantified variables to
+-- gain new types.
+--
+-- __Example:__ in a definition @id :: forall a. a -> a@, the @a@ after the
+-- ∀ ("forall") is the collection of type variables, and @a -> a@ is the 'MType'
+-- quantified over. When we have such an @id@, we also have its specialized
+-- version @Int -> Int@ available. This process will be the topic of the type
+-- inference/unification algorithms.
+--
+-- In formal notation, 'PType's are often called σ (sigma) types.
+--
+-- The purpose of having monotypes and polytypes is that we'd like to only have
+-- universal quantification at the top level, restricting our language to rank-1
+-- polymorphism, where type inferece is total (all types can be inferred) and
+-- simple (only a handful of typing rules). Weakening this constraint would be
+-- easy: if we allowed universal quantification within function types we would
+-- get rank-N polymorphism. Taking it even further to allow it anywhere,
+-- effectively replacing all occurrences of 'MType' with 'PType', yields
+-- impredicative types. Both these extensions make the type system
+-- *significantly* more complex though.
+data PType = Forall (Set Name) MType -- ^ ∀{α}. τ
+
+-- | >>> putPprLn (Forall ["a"] (TFun "a" "a"))
+-- ∀a. a → a
+instance Pretty PType where
+    ppr (Forall qs mType) = "∀" <> pprUniversals <> ". " <> ppr mType
+      where
+        pprUniversals
+          | S.null qs = "∅"
+          | otherwise = (T.intercalate " " . map ppr . S.toList) qs
+
+
+
+-- | The free variables of a 'PType' are the free variables of the contained
+-- 'MType', except those universally quantified.
+--
+-- >>> let sigma = Forall ["a"] (TFun "a" (TFun (TTuple "b" "a") "c"))
+-- >>> putPprLn sigma
+-- ∀a. a → (b, a) → c
+-- >>> let display = T.putStrLn . T.intercalate ", " . foldMap (\x -> [ppr x])
+-- >>> display (freePType sigma)
+-- b, c
+freePType :: PType -> Set Name
+freePType (Forall qs mType) = freeMType mType `S.difference` qs
+
+
+
+-- | Substitute all the free type variables.
+instance Substitutable PType where
+    applySubst (Subst subst) (Forall qs mType) =
+        let qs' = M.fromSet (const ()) qs
+            subst' = Subst (subst `M.difference` qs')
+        in Forall qs (applySubst subst' mType)
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** The environment
+-- #############################################################################
+
+
+
+-- | The environment consists of all the values available in scope, and their
+-- associated polytypes. Other common names for it include "(typing) context",
+-- and because of the commonly used symbol for it sometimes directly
+-- \"Gamma"/@"Γ"@.
+--
+-- There are two kinds of membership in an environment,
+--
+--   - @∈@: an environment @Γ@ can be viewed as a set of @(value, type)@ pairs,
+--     and we can test whether something is /literally contained/ by it via
+--     x:σ ∈ Γ
+--   - @⊢@, pronounced /entails/, describes all the things that are well-typed,
+--     given an environment @Γ@. @Γ ⊢ x:τ@ can thus be seen as a judgement that
+--     @x:τ@ is /figuratively contained/ in @Γ@.
+--
+-- For example, the environment @{x:Int}@ literally contains @x@, but given
+-- this, it also entails @λy. x@, @λy z. x@, @let id = λy. y in id x@ and so on.
+--
+-- In Haskell terms, the environment consists of all the things you currently
+-- have available, or that can be built by comining them. If you import the
+-- Prelude, your environment entails
+--
+-- @
+-- id            →  ∀a. a→a
+-- map           →  ∀a b. (a→b) → [a] → [b]
+-- putStrLn      →  ∀∅. String → IO ()
+-- …
+-- id map        →  ∀a b. (a→b) → [a] → [b]
+-- map putStrLn  →  ∀∅. [String] -> [IO ()]
+-- …
+-- @
+newtype Env = Env (Map Name PType)
+
+-- | >>> :{
+--    putPprLn (Env
+--        [ ("id", Forall ["a"] (TFun "a" "a"))
+--        , ("const", Forall ["a", "b"] (TFun "a" (TFun "b" "a"))) ])
+-- :}
+-- Γ = { const : ∀a b. a → b → a
+--     , id : ∀a. a → a }
+instance Pretty Env where
+    ppr (Env env) = "Γ = { " <> T.intercalate "\n    , " pprBindings <> " }"
+      where
+        bindings = M.assocs env
+        pprBinding (name, pType) = ppr name <> " : " <> ppr pType
+        pprBindings = map pprBinding bindings
+
+
+
+-- | The free variables of an 'Env'ironment are all the free variables of the
+-- 'PType's it contains.
+freeEnv :: Env -> Set Name
+freeEnv (Env env) = let allPTypes = M.elems env
+                    in S.unions (map freePType allPTypes)
+
+
+
+-- | Performing a 'Subst'itution in an 'Env'ironment means performing that
+-- substituion on all the contained 'PType's.
+instance Substitutable Env where
+    applySubst s (Env env) = Env (M.map (applySubst s) env)
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** Substitutions
+-- #############################################################################
+
+
+
+-- | A substitution is a mapping from type variables to 'MType's. Applying a
+-- substitution means applying those replacements. For example, the substitution
+-- @a -> Int@ applied to @a -> a@ yields the result @Int -> Int@.
+--
+-- A key concept behind Hindley-Milner is that once we dive deeper into an
+-- expression, we learn more about our type variables. We might learn that  @a@
+-- has to be specialized to @b -> b@, and then later on that @b@ is actually
+-- @Int@. Substitutions are an organized way of carrying this information along.
+newtype Subst = Subst (Map Name MType)
+
+
+
+-- | We're going to apply substitutions to a variety of other values that
+-- somehow contain type variables, so we overload this application operation in
+-- a class here.
+--
+-- Laws:
+--
+-- @
+-- 'applySubst' 'mempty' ≡ 'id'
+-- 'applySubst' (s1 '<>' s2) ≡ 'applySubst' s1 . 'applySubst' s2
+-- @
+class Substitutable a where
+    applySubst :: Subst -> a -> a
+
+instance (Substitutable a, Substitutable b) => Substitutable (a,b) where
+    applySubst s (x,y) = (applySubst s x, applySubst s y)
+
+-- | @'applySubst' s1 s2@ applies one substitution to another, replacing all the
+-- bindings in the second argument @s2@ with their values mentioned in the first
+-- one (@s1@).
+instance Substitutable Subst where
+    applySubst s (Subst target) = Subst (fmap (applySubst s) target)
+
+-- | >>> :{
+--    putPprLn (Subst
+--        [ ("a", TFun "b" "b")
+--        , ("b", TEither "c" "d") ])
+-- :}
+-- { a ––> b → b
+-- , b ––> Either c d }
+instance Pretty Subst where
+    ppr (Subst s) = "{ " <> T.intercalate "\n, " [ ppr k <> " ––> " <> ppr v | (k,v) <- M.toList s ] <> " }"
+
+-- | Combine two substitutions by applying all substitutions mentioned in the
+-- first argument to the type variables contained in the second.
+instance Monoid Subst where
+    -- Considering that all we can really do with a substitution is apply it, we
+    -- can use the one of 'Substitutable's laws to show that substitutions
+    -- combine associatively,
+    --
+    -- @
+    --   applySubst (compose s1 (compose s2 s3))
+    -- = applySubst s1 . applySubst (compose s2 s3)
+    -- = applySubst s1 . applySubst s2 . applySubst s3
+    -- = applySubst (compose s1 s2) . applySubst s3
+    -- = applySubst (compose (compose s1 s2) s3)
+    -- @
+    mappend subst1 subst2 = Subst (s1 `M.union` s2)
+      where
+        Subst s1 = subst1
+        Subst s2 = applySubst subst1 subst2
+
+    mempty = Subst M.empty
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- #############################################################################
+-- * Typechecking
+-- #############################################################################
+-- #############################################################################
+
+-- $ Typechecking does two things:
+--
+-- 1. If two types are not immediately identical, attempt to 'unify' them
+--    to get a type compatible with both of them
+-- 2. 'infer' the most general type of a value by comparing the values in its
+--    definition with the 'Env'ironment
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** Inference context
+-- #############################################################################
+
+
+
+-- | The inference type holds a supply of unique names, and can fail with a
+-- descriptive error if something goes wrong.
+--
+-- /Invariant:/ the supply must be infinite, or we might run out of names to
+-- give to things.
+newtype Infer a = Infer (ExceptT InferError (State [Name]) a)
+    deriving (Functor, Applicative, Monad)
+
+-- | Errors that can happen during the type inference process.
+data InferError =
+    -- | Two types that don't match were attempted to be unified.
+    --
+    -- For example, @a -> a@ and @Int@ do not unify.
+    --
+    -- >>> putPprLn (CannotUnify (TFun "a" "a") (TConst "Int"))
+    -- Cannot unify a → a with Int
+      CannotUnify MType MType
+
+    -- | A 'TVar' is bound to an 'MType' that already contains it.
+    --
+    -- The canonical example of this is @λx. x x@, where the first @x@
+    -- in the body has to have type @a -> b@, and the second one @a@. Since
+    -- they're both the same @x@, this requires unification of @a@ with
+    -- @a -> b@, which only works if @a = a -> b = (a -> b) -> b = …@, yielding
+    -- an infinite type.
+    --
+    -- >>> putPprLn (OccursCheckFailed "a" (TFun "a" "a"))
+    -- Occurs check failed: a already appears in a → a
+    | OccursCheckFailed Name MType
+
+    -- | The value of an unknown identifier was read.
+    --
+    -- >>> putPprLn (UnknownIdentifier "a")
+    -- Unknown identifier: a
+    | UnknownIdentifier Name
+    deriving Show
+
+-- | >>> putPprLn (CannotUnify (TEither "a" "b") (TTuple "a" "b"))
+-- Cannot unify Either a b with (a, b)
+instance Pretty InferError where
+    ppr = \case
+        CannotUnify t1 t2 ->
+            "Cannot unify " <> ppr t1 <> " with " <> ppr t2
+        OccursCheckFailed name ty ->
+            "Occurs check failed: " <> ppr name <> " already appears in " <> ppr ty
+        UnknownIdentifier name ->
+            "Unknown identifier: " <> ppr name
+
+
+
+-- | Evaluate a value in an 'Infer'ence context.
+--
+-- >>> let expr = EAbs "f" (EAbs "g" (EAbs "x" (EApp (EApp "f" "x") (EApp "g" "x"))))
+-- >>> putPprLn expr
+-- λf g x. f x (g x)
+-- >>> let inferred = runInfer (infer (Env []) expr)
+-- >>> let demonstrate = \case Right (_, ty) -> T.putStrLn (":: " <> ppr ty)
+-- >>> demonstrate inferred
+-- :: (c → e → f) → (c → e) → c → f
+runInfer :: Infer a -- ^ Inference data
+         -> Either InferError a
+runInfer (Infer inf) =
+    evalState (runExceptT inf) (map Name (infiniteSupply alphabet))
+  where
+
+    alphabet = map T.singleton ['a'..'z']
+
+    -- [a, b, c] ==> [a,b,c, a1,b1,c1, a2,b2,c2, …]
+    infiniteSupply supply = supply <> addSuffixes supply (1 :: Integer)
+      where
+        addSuffixes xs n = map (\x -> addSuffix x n) xs <> addSuffixes xs (n+1)
+        addSuffix x n = x <> T.pack (show n)
+
+
+
+-- | Throw an 'InferError' in an 'Infer'ence context.
+--
+-- >>> case runInfer (throw (UnknownIdentifier "var")) of Left err -> putPprLn err
+-- Unknown identifier: var
+throw :: InferError -> Infer a
+throw = Infer . throwE
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** Unification
+-- #############################################################################
+
+-- $ Unification describes the process of making two different types compatible
+-- by specializing them where needed. A desirable property to have here is being
+-- able to find the most general unifier. Luckily, we'll be able to do that in
+-- our type system.
+
+
+
+-- | The unification of two 'MType's is the most general substituion that can be
+-- applied to both of them in order to yield the same result.
+--
+-- >>> let m1 = TFun "a" "b"
+-- >>> putPprLn m1
+-- a → b
+-- >>> let m2 = TFun "c" (TEither "d" "e")
+-- >>> putPprLn m2
+-- c → Either d e
+-- >>> let inferSubst = unify (m1, m2)
+-- >>> case runInfer inferSubst of Right subst -> putPprLn subst
+-- { a ––> c
+-- , b ––> Either d e }
+unify :: (MType, MType) -> Infer Subst
+unify = \case
+    (TFun a b,    TFun x y)          -> unifyBinary (a,b) (x,y)
+    (TVar v,      x)                 -> v `bindVariableTo` x
+    (x,           TVar v)            -> v `bindVariableTo` x
+    (TConst a,    TConst b) | a == b -> pure mempty
+    (TList a,     TList b)           -> unify (a,b)
+    (TEither a b, TEither x y)       -> unifyBinary (a,b) (x,y)
+    (TTuple a b,  TTuple x y)        -> unifyBinary (a,b) (x,y)
+    (a, b)                           -> throw (CannotUnify a b)
+
+  where
+
+    -- Unification of binary type constructors, such as functions and Either.
+    -- Unification is first done for the first operand, and assuming the
+    -- required substitution, for the second one.
+    unifyBinary :: (MType, MType) -> (MType, MType) -> Infer Subst
+    unifyBinary (a,b) (x,y) = do
+        s1 <- unify (a, x)
+        s2 <- unify (applySubst s1 (b, y))
+        pure (s1 <> s2)
+
+
+
+-- | Build a 'Subst'itution that binds a 'Name' of a 'TVar' to an 'MType'. The
+-- resulting substitution should be idempotent, i.e. applying it more than once
+-- to something should not be any different from applying it only once.
+--
+-- - In the simplest case, this just means building a substitution that just
+--   does that.
+-- - Substituting a 'Name' with a 'TVar' with the same name unifies a type
+--   variable with itself, and the resulting substitution does nothing new.
+-- - If the 'Name' we're trying to bind to an 'MType' already occurs in that
+--   'MType', the resulting substitution would not be idempotent: the 'MType'
+--   would be replaced again, yielding a different result. This is known as the
+--   Occurs Check.
+bindVariableTo :: Name -> MType -> Infer Subst
+
+bindVariableTo name (TVar v) | boundToSelf = pure mempty
+  where
+    boundToSelf = name == v
+
+bindVariableTo name mType | name `occursIn` mType = throw (OccursCheckFailed name mType)
+  where
+    n `occursIn` ty = n `S.member` freeMType ty
+
+bindVariableTo name mType = pure (Subst (M.singleton name mType))
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** Type inference
+-- #############################################################################
+
+-- $ Type inference is the act of finding out a value's type by looking at the
+-- environment it is in, in order to make it compatible with it.
+--
+-- In literature, the Hindley-Damas-Milner inference algorithm ("Algorithm W")
+-- is often presented in the style of logical formulas, and below you'll find
+-- that version along with code that actually does what they say.
+--
+-- These formulas look a bit like fractions, where the "numerator" is a
+-- collection of premises, and the denominator is the consequence if all of them
+-- hold.
+--
+-- __Example:__
+--
+-- @
+-- Γ ⊢ even : Int → Bool   Γ ⊢ 1 : Int
+-- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
+--          Γ ⊢ even 1 : Bool
+-- @
+--
+-- means that if we have a value of type @Int -> Bool@ called "even" and a value
+-- of type @Int@ called @1@, then we also have a value of type @Bool@ via
+-- @even 1@ available to us.
+--
+-- The actual inference rules are polymorphic versions of this example, and
+-- the code comments will explain each step in detail.
+
+
+
+-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- *** The language: typed lambda calculus
+-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+-- | The syntax tree of the language we'd like to typecheck. You can view it as
+-- a close relative to simply typed lambda calculus, having only the most
+-- necessary syntax elements.
+--
+-- Since 'ELet' is non-recursive, the usual fixed-point function
+-- @fix : (a → a) → a@ can be introduced to allow recursive definitions.
+data Exp = ELit Lit          -- ^ True, 1
+         | EVar Name         -- ^ @x@
+         | EApp Exp Exp      -- ^ @f x@
+         | EAbs Name Exp     -- ^ @λx. e@
+         | ELet Name Exp Exp -- ^ @let x = e in e'@ (non-recursive)
+         deriving Show
+
+
+
+-- | Literals we'd like to support. Since we can't define new data types in our
+-- simple type system, we'll have to hard-code the possible ones here.
+data Lit = LBool Bool
+         | LInteger Integer
+         deriving Show
+
+
+
+-- | >>> putPprLn (EAbs "f" (EAbs "g" (EAbs "x" (EApp (EApp "f" "x") (EApp "g" "x")))))
+-- λf g x. f x (g x)
+instance Pretty Exp where
+    ppr (ELit lit) = ppr lit
+
+    ppr (EVar name) = ppr name
+
+    ppr (EApp f x) = pprApp1 f <> " " <> pprApp2 x
+      where
+        pprApp1 = \case
+            eLet@ELet{} -> "(" <> ppr eLet <> ")"
+            eLet@EAbs{} -> "(" <> ppr eLet <> ")"
+            e -> ppr e
+        pprApp2 = \case
+            eApp@EApp{} -> "(" <> ppr eApp <> ")"
+            e -> pprApp1 e
+
+    ppr x@EAbs{} = pprAbs True x
+      where
+        pprAbs True  (EAbs name expr) = "λ" <> ppr name <> pprAbs False expr
+        pprAbs False (EAbs name expr) = " " <> ppr name <> pprAbs False expr
+        pprAbs _ expr                 = ". " <> ppr expr
+
+    ppr (ELet name value body) =
+        "let " <> ppr name <> " = " <> ppr value <> " in " <> ppr body
+
+-- | >>> putPprLn (LBool True)
+-- True
+--
+-- >>> putPprLn (LInteger 127)
+-- 127
+instance Pretty Lit where
+    ppr = \case
+        LBool    b -> showT b
+        LInteger i -> showT i
+      where
+        showT :: Show a => a -> Text
+        showT = T.pack . show
+
+-- | >>> "var" :: Exp
+-- EVar (Name "var")
+instance IsString Exp where
+    fromString = EVar . fromString
+
+
+
+-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- *** Some useful definitions
+-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+-- | Generate a fresh 'Name' in a type 'Infer'ence context. An example use case
+-- of this is η expansion, which transforms @f@ into @λx. f x@, where "x" is a
+-- new name, i.e. unbound in the current context.
+fresh :: Infer MType
+fresh = drawFromSupply >>= \case
+    Right name -> pure (TVar name)
+    Left err -> throw err
+
+  where
+
+    drawFromSupply :: Infer (Either InferError Name)
+    drawFromSupply = Infer (do
+        s:upply <- lift get
+        lift (put upply)
+        pure (Right s) )
+
+
+
+-- | Add a new binding to the environment.
+--
+-- The Haskell equivalent would be defining a new value, for example in module
+-- scope or in a @let@ block. This corresponds to the "comma" operation used in
+-- formal notation,
+--
+-- @
+-- Γ, x:σ  ≡  extendEnv Γ (x,σ)
+-- @
+extendEnv :: Env -> (Name, PType) -> Env
+extendEnv (Env env) (name, pType) = Env (M.insert name pType env)
+
+
+
+-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- *** Inferring the types of all language constructs
+-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+-- | Infer the type of an 'Exp'ression in an 'Env'ironment, resulting in the
+-- 'Exp's 'MType' along with a substitution that has to be done in order to reach
+-- this goal.
+--
+-- This is widely known as /Algorithm W/.
+infer :: Env -> Exp -> Infer (Subst, MType)
+infer env = \case
+    ELit lit    -> inferLit lit
+    EVar name   -> inferVar env name
+    EApp f x    -> inferApp env f x
+    EAbs x e    -> inferAbs env x e
+    ELet x e e' -> inferLet env x e e'
+
+
+
+-- | Literals such as 'True' and '1' have their types hard-coded.
+inferLit :: Lit -> Infer (Subst, MType)
+inferLit lit = pure (mempty, TConst litTy)
+  where
+    litTy = case lit of
+        LBool    {} -> "Bool"
+        LInteger {} -> "Integer"
+
+
+
+-- | Inferring the type of a variable is done via
+--
+-- @
+-- x:σ ∈ Γ   τ = instantiate(σ)
+-- ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  [Var]
+--            Γ ⊢ x:τ
+-- @
+--
+-- This means that if @Γ@ /literally contains/ (@∈@) a value, then it also
+-- /entails it/ (@⊢@) in all its instantiations.
+inferVar :: Env -> Name -> Infer (Subst, MType)
+inferVar env name = do
+    sigma <- lookupEnv env name -- x:σ ∈ Γ
+    tau <- instantiate sigma    -- τ = instantiate(σ)
+                                -- ------------------
+    pure (mempty, tau)          -- Γ ⊢ x:τ
+
+
+
+-- | Look up the 'PType' of a 'Name' in the 'Env'ironment.
+--
+-- This checks whether @x:σ@ is /literally contained/ in @Γ@. For more details
+-- about this, see the documentation of 'Env'.
+--
+-- To give a Haskell analogon, looking up @id@ when @Prelude@ is loaded, the
+-- resulting 'PType' would be @id@'s type, namely @forall a. a -> a@.
+lookupEnv :: Env -> Name -> Infer PType
+lookupEnv (Env env) name = case M.lookup name env of
+    Just x  -> pure x
+    Nothing -> throw (UnknownIdentifier name)
+
+
+
+-- | Bind all quantified variables of a 'PType' to 'fresh' type variables.
+--
+-- __Example:__ instantiating @forall a. a -> b -> a@ results in the 'MType'
+-- @c -> b -> c@, where @c@ is a fresh name (to avoid shadowing issues).
+--
+-- You can picture the 'PType' to be the prototype converted to an instantiated
+-- 'MType', which can now be used in the unification process.
+--
+-- Another way of looking at it is by simply forgetting which variables were
+-- quantified, carefully avoiding name clashes when doing so.
+--
+-- 'instantiate' can also be seen as the opposite of 'generalize', which we'll
+-- need later to convert an 'MType' to a 'PType'.
+instantiate :: PType -> Infer MType
+instantiate (Forall qs t) = do
+    subst <- substituteAllWithFresh qs
+    pure (applySubst subst t)
+
+  where
+    -- For each given name, add a substitution from that name to a fresh type
+    -- variable to the result.
+    substituteAllWithFresh :: Set Name -> Infer Subst
+    substituteAllWithFresh xs = do
+        let freshSubstActions = M.fromSet (const fresh) xs
+        freshSubsts <- sequenceA freshSubstActions
+        pure (Subst freshSubsts)
+
+
+
+-- | Function application captures the fact that if we have a function and an
+-- argument we can give to that function, we also have the result value of the
+-- result type available to us.
+--
+-- @
+-- Γ ⊢ f : fτ   Γ ⊢ x : xτ   fxτ = fresh   unify(fτ, xτ → fxτ)
+-- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  [App]
+--                       Γ ⊢ f x : fxτ
+-- @
+--
+-- This rule says that given a function and a value with a type, the function
+-- type has to unify with a function type that allows the value type to be its
+-- argument.
+inferApp
+    :: Env
+    -> Exp -- ^ __f__ x
+    -> Exp -- ^ f __x__
+    -> Infer (Subst, MType)
+inferApp env f x = do
+    (s1, fTau) <- infer env f                         -- f : fτ
+    (s2, xTau) <- infer (applySubst s1 env) x         -- x : xτ
+    fxTau <- fresh                                    -- fxτ = fresh
+    s3 <- unify (applySubst s2 fTau, TFun xTau fxTau) -- unify (fτ, xτ → fxτ)
+    let s = s3 <> s2 <> s1                            -- --------------------
+    pure (s, applySubst s3 fxTau)                     -- f x : fxτ
+
+
+
+-- | Lambda abstraction is based on the fact that when we introduce a new
+-- variable, the resulting lambda maps from that variable's type to the type of
+-- the body.
+--
+-- @
+-- τ = fresh   σ = ∀∅. τ   Γ, x:σ ⊢ e:τ'
+-- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  [Abs]
+--             Γ ⊢ λx.e : τ→τ'
+-- @
+--
+-- Here, @Γ, x:τ@ is @Γ@ extended by one additional mapping, namely @x:τ@.
+--
+-- Abstraction is typed by extending the environment by a new 'MType', and if
+-- under this assumption we can construct a function mapping to a value of that
+-- type, we can say that the lambda takes a value and maps to it.
+inferAbs
+    :: Env
+    -> Name -- ^ λ__x__. e
+    -> Exp  -- ^ λx. __e__
+    -> Infer (Subst, MType)
+inferAbs env x e = do
+    tau <- fresh                           -- τ = fresh
+    let sigma = Forall [] tau              -- σ = ∀∅. τ
+        env' = extendEnv env (x, sigma)    -- Γ, x:σ …
+    (s, tau') <- infer env' e              --        … ⊢ e:τ'
+                                           -- ---------------
+    pure (s, TFun (applySubst s tau) tau') -- λx.e : τ→τ'
+
+
+
+-- | A let binding allows extending the environment with new bindings in a
+-- principled manner. To do this, we first have to typecheck the expression to
+-- be introduced. The result of this is then generalized to a 'PType', since let
+-- bindings introduce new polymorphic values, which are then added to the
+-- environment. Now we can finally typecheck the body of the "in" part of the
+-- let binding.
+--
+-- Note that in our simple language, let is non-recursive, but recursion can be
+-- introduced as usual by adding a primitive @fix : (a → a) → a@ if desired.
+--
+-- @
+-- Γ ⊢ e:τ   σ = gen(Γ,τ)   Γ, x:σ ⊢ e':τ'
+-- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  [Let]
+--         Γ ⊢ let x = e in e' : τ'
+-- @
+inferLet
+    :: Env
+    -> Name -- ^ let __x__ = e in e'
+    -> Exp -- ^ let x = __e__ in e'
+    -> Exp -- ^ let x = e in __e'__
+    -> Infer (Subst, MType)
+inferLet env x e e' = do
+    (s1, tau) <- infer env e              -- Γ ⊢ e:τ
+    let env' = applySubst s1 env
+    let sigma = generalize env' tau       -- σ = gen(Γ,τ)
+    let env'' = extendEnv env' (x, sigma) -- Γ, x:σ
+    (s2, tau') <- infer env'' e'          -- Γ ⊢ …
+                                          -- --------------------------
+    pure (s2 <> s1, tau')                 --     … let x = e in e' : τ'
+
+
+
+-- | Generalize an 'MType' to a 'PType' by universally quantifying over all the
+-- type variables contained in it, except those already free in the environment.
+--
+-- >>> let tau = TFun "a" (TFun "b" "a")
+-- >>> putPprLn tau
+-- a → b → a
+-- >>> putPprLn (generalize (Env [("x", Forall [] "b")]) tau)
+-- ∀a. a → b → a
+--
+-- In more formal notation,
+--
+-- @
+-- gen(Γ,τ) = ∀{α}. τ
+--     where {α} = free(τ) – free(Γ)
+-- @
+--
+-- 'generalize' can also be seen as the opposite of 'instantiate', which
+-- converts a 'PType' to an 'MType'.
+generalize :: Env -> MType -> PType
+generalize env mType = Forall qs mType
+  where
+    qs = freeMType mType `S.difference` freeEnv env

Main.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedLists   #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+
+module Main where
+
+
+
+import qualified Data.Map     as M
+import           Data.Monoid
+import           Data.Text    (Text)
+import qualified Data.Text.IO as T
+
+import HindleyMilner
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- #############################################################################
+-- * Testing
+-- #############################################################################
+-- #############################################################################
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** A small custom Prelude
+-- #############################################################################
+
+
+
+prelude :: Env
+prelude = Env (M.fromList
+    [ ("(*)",        Forall []              (tInteger ~> tInteger ~> tInteger))
+    , ("(+)",        Forall []              (tInteger ~> tInteger ~> tInteger))
+    , ("(,)",        Forall ["a","b"]       ("a" ~> "b" ~> TTuple "a" "b"))
+    , ("(-)",        Forall []              (tInteger ~> tInteger ~> tInteger))
+    , ("(.)",        Forall ["a", "b", "c"] (("b" ~> "c") ~> ("a" ~> "b") ~> "a" ~> "c"))
+    , ("(<)",        Forall []              (tInteger ~> tInteger ~> tBool))
+    , ("(<=)",       Forall []              (tInteger ~> tInteger ~> tBool))
+    , ("(>)",        Forall []              (tInteger ~> tInteger ~> tBool))
+    , ("(>=)",       Forall []              (tInteger ~> tInteger ~> tBool))
+    , ("const",      Forall ["a","b"]       ("a" ~> "b" ~> "a"))
+    , ("Cont/>>=",   Forall ["a"]           ((("a" ~> "r") ~> "r") ~> ("a" ~> (("b" ~> "r") ~> "r")) ~> (("b" ~> "r") ~> "r")))
+    , ("find",       Forall ["a","b"]       (("a" ~> tBool) ~> TList "a" ~> tMaybe "a"))
+    , ("fix",        Forall ["a"]           (("a" ~> "a") ~> "a"))
+    , ("foldr",      Forall ["a","b"]       (("a" ~> "b" ~> "b") ~> "b" ~> TList "a" ~> "b"))
+    , ("id",         Forall ["a"]           ("a" ~> "a"))
+    , ("ifThenElse", Forall ["a"]           (tBool ~> "a" ~> "a" ~> "a"))
+    , ("Left",       Forall ["a","b"]       ("a" ~> TEither "a" "b"))
+    , ("length",     Forall ["a"]           (TList "a" ~> tInteger))
+    , ("map",        Forall ["a","b"]       (("a" ~> "b") ~> TList "a" ~> TList "b"))
+    , ("reverse",    Forall ["a"]           (TList "a" ~> TList "a"))
+    , ("Right",      Forall ["a","b"]       ("b" ~> TEither "a" "b"))
+    , ("[]",         Forall ["a"]           (TList "a"))
+    , ("(:)",        Forall ["a"]           ("a" ~> TList "a" ~> TList "a"))
+    ])
+  where
+    tBool = TConst "Bool"
+    tInteger = TConst "Integer"
+    tMaybe = TEither (TConst "()")
+
+
+
+-- | Synonym for 'TFun' to make writing type signatures easier.
+--
+-- Instead of
+--
+-- @
+-- Forall ["a","b"] (TFun "a" (TFun "b" "a"))
+-- @
+--
+-- we can write
+--
+-- @
+-- Forall ["a","b"] ("a" ~> "b" ~> "a")
+-- @
+(~>) :: MType -> MType -> MType
+(~>) = TFun
+infixr 9 ~>
+
+
+
+-- #############################################################################
+-- ** Run it!
+-- #############################################################################
+
+
+
+-- | Run type inference on a cuple of values
+main :: IO ()
+main = do
+    let inferAndPrint = T.putStrLn . ("  " <>) . showType prelude
+    T.putStrLn "Well-typed:"
+    do
+        inferAndPrint (lambda ["x"] "x")
+        inferAndPrint (lambda ["f","g","x"] (apply "f" ["x", apply "g" ["x"]]))
+        inferAndPrint (lambda ["f","g","x"] (apply "f" [apply "g" ["x"]]))
+        inferAndPrint (lambda ["m", "k", "c"] (apply "m" [lambda ["x"] (apply "k" ["x", "c"])])) -- >>= for Cont
+        inferAndPrint (lambda ["f"] (apply "(.)" ["reverse", apply "map" ["f"]]))
+        inferAndPrint (apply "find" [lambda ["x"] (apply "(>)" ["x", int 0])])
+        inferAndPrint (apply "map" [apply "map" ["map"]])
+        inferAndPrint (apply "(*)" [int 1, int 2])
+        inferAndPrint (apply "foldr" ["(+)", int 0])
+        inferAndPrint (apply "map" ["length"])
+        inferAndPrint (apply "map" ["map"])
+        inferAndPrint (lambda ["x"] (apply "ifThenElse" [apply "(<)" ["x", int 0], int 0, "x"]))
+        inferAndPrint (lambda ["x"] (apply "fix" [lambda ["xs"] (apply "(:)" ["x", "xs"])]))
+    T.putStrLn "Ill-typed:"
+    do
+        inferAndPrint (apply "(*)" [int 1, bool True])
+        inferAndPrint (apply "foldr" [int 1])
+        inferAndPrint (lambda ["x"] (apply "x" ["x"]))
+        inferAndPrint (lambda ["x"] (ELet "xs" (apply "(:)" ["x", "xs"]) "xs"))
+
+
+
+-- | Build multiple lambda bindings.
+--
+-- Instead of
+--
+-- @
+-- EAbs "f" (EAbs "x" (EApp "f" "x"))
+-- @
+--
+-- we can write
+--
+-- @
+-- lambda ["f", "x"] (EApp "f" "x")
+-- @
+--
+-- for
+--
+-- @
+-- λf x. f x
+-- @
+lambda :: [Name] -> Exp -> Exp
+lambda names expr = foldr EAbs expr names
+
+
+
+-- | Apply a function to multiple arguments.
+--
+-- Instead of
+--
+-- @
+-- EApp (EApp (EApp "f" "x") "y") "z")
+-- @
+--
+-- we can write
+--
+-- @
+-- apply "f" ["x", "y", "z"]
+-- @
+--
+-- for
+--
+-- @
+-- f x y z
+-- @
+apply :: Exp -> [Exp] -> Exp
+apply = foldl EApp
+
+
+
+-- | Construct an integer literal.
+int :: Integer -> Exp
+int = ELit . LInteger
+
+
+
+-- | Construct a boolean literal.
+bool :: Bool -> Exp
+bool = ELit . LBool
+
+
+
+-- | Convenience function to run type inference algorithm
+showType :: Env    -- ^ Starting environment, e.g. 'prelude'.
+         -> Exp    -- ^ Expression to typecheck
+         -> Text   -- ^ Text representation of the result. Contains an error
+                   --   message on failure.
+showType env expr =
+    case (runInfer . fmap (generalize (Env mempty) . uncurry applySubst) . infer env) expr of
+        Left err -> "Error inferring type of " <> ppr expr <>": " <> ppr err
+        Right ty -> ppr expr <> " :: " <> ppr ty

README

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-
-No-runtime-value-error-language
-
-A language wth a largely-python-like where there are no value errors. Can call null like a function

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# Schala - a programming language meta-interpreter
+
+Schala is a Rust framework written to make it easy to create and experiment
+with multipl toy programming languages. It provides a cross-language REPL and
+provisions for tokenizing text, parsing tokens, evaluating an abstract syntax
+tree, and other tasks that are common to all programming languages, as well as sharing state
+between multiple programming languages.
+
+Schala is implemented as a Rust library `schala-repl`, which provides a
+function `start_repl`, meant to be used as entry point into a common REPL or
+non-interactive environment. Clients are expected to invoke `start_repl` with a
+vector of programming languages. Individual programming language
+implementations are Rust types that implement the
+`ProgrammingLanguageInterface` trait and store whatever persistent state is
+relevant to that language. 
+
+Run schala with: `cargo run`. This will drop you into a REPL environment.  Type
+`:help` for more information, or type in text in any supported programming
+language (currently only schala-lang) to evaluate it in the REPL.
+
+## History
+
+Schala started out life as an experiment in writing a Javascript-like
+programming language that would never encounter any kind of runtime value
+error, but rather always return `null` under any kind of error condition. I had
+seen one too many Javascript `Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property ___ of
+undefined` messages, and I was a bit frustrated.  Plus I had always wanted to
+write a programming langauge from scratch, and Rust is a fun language to
+program in.  Over time I became interested in playing around with other sorts
+of programming languages as well, and wanted to make the process as general as
+possible.
+
+The name of the project comes from Schala the Princess of Zeal from the 1995
+SNES RPG *Chrono Trigger*. I like classic JRPGs and enjoyed the thought of
+creating a language name confusingly close to Scala. The naming scheme for
+languages implemented with the Schala meta-interpreter is Chrono Trigger
+characters.
+
+Schala and languages implemented with it are incomplete alpha software and are
+not ready for public release.
+
+## Languages implemented using the meta-interpreter
+
+* The eponymous *Schala* language is a work-in-progress general purpose
+  programming language with static typing and algebraic data types. Its design
+  goals include having a very straightforward implemenation and being syntactically
+  minimal.
+
+* *Maaru* is a very simple dynamically-typed scripting language, with the semantics
+    that all runtime errors return a `null` value rather than fail. 
+
+* *Robo* is an experiment in creating a lazy, functional, strongly-typed language
+much like Haskell
+
+* *Rukka* is a straightforward LISP implementation
+
+## Reference works
+
+Here's a partial list of resources I've made use of in the process
+of learning how to write a programming language.
+
+### General
+
+http://thume.ca/2019/04/18/writing-a-compiler-in-rust/
+
+### Type-checking
+https://skillsmatter.com/skillscasts/10868-inside-the-rust-compiler
+https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=il3gD7XMdmA
+http://dev.stephendiehl.com/fun/006_hindley_milner.html
+https://rust-lang-nursery.github.io/rustc-guide/type-inference.html
+
+https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2018/unification/
+https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2018/type-inference/
+http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2017/03/25/unification-in-chalk-part-1/
+http://reasonableapproximation.net/2019/05/05/hindley-milner.html
+https://rickyhan.com/jekyll/update/2018/05/26/hindley-milner-tutorial-rust.html
+
+### Evaluation
+*Understanding Computation*, Tom Stuart, O'Reilly 2013
+
+*Basics of Compiler Design*, Torben Mogensen
+
+### Parsing
+http://journal.stuffwithstuff.com/2011/03/19/pratt-parsers-expression-parsing-made-easy/
+https://soc.github.io/languages/unified-condition-syntax
+
+[Crafting Interpreters](http://www.craftinginterpreters.com/)
+
+### LLVM
+http://blog.ulysse.io/2016/07/03/llvm-getting-started.html
+
+###Rust resources
+https://thefullsnack.com/en/rust-for-the-web.html
+
+https://rocket.rs/guide/getting-started/

TODO.md

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# Plan of attack
+
+1. modify visitor so it can handle scopes
+  -this is needed both to handle import scope correctly
+  -and also to support making FQSNs aware of function parameters
+
+2. Once FQSNs are aware of function parameters, most of the Rc<String> things in eval.rs can go away
+
+# TODO items
+
+-use 'let' sigil in patterns for variables :
+
+```
+  q is MyStruct(let a, Chrono::Trigga) then {
+
+  }
+```
+
+-idea: what if there was something like React jsx syntas built in? i.e. a way to automatically transform some kind of markup
+into a function call, cf. `<h1 prop="arg">` ->  h1(prop=arg)
+
+## General code cleanup
+- I think I can restructure the parser to get rid of most instances of expect!, at least at the beginning of a rule
+DONE -experiment with storing metadata via ItemIds on AST nodes (cf. https://rust-lang.github.io/rustc-guide/hir.html, https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/src/librustc/hir/mod.rs )
+-implement and test open/use statements
+-implement field access
+- standardize on an error type that isn't String
+-implement a visitor pattern for the use of scope_resolver
+  - maybe implement this twice: 1) the value-returning, no-default one in the haoyi blogpost,
+  -look at https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc/wikis/pattern-synonyms
+                                2) the non-value-returning, default one like in rustc (cf. https://github.com/rust-unofficial/patterns/blob/master/patterns/visitor.md)
+
+-parser error - should report subset of AST parsed *so far*
+  - what if you used python 'def' syntax to define a function? what error message makes sense here?
+
+## Reduction
+ - make a good type for actual language builtins to avoid string comparisons
+
+## Typechecking
+
+- make a type to represent types rather than relying on string comparisons
+
+- look at https://rickyhan.com/jekyll/update/2018/05/26/hindley-milner-tutorial-rust.html
+
+- cf. the notation mentioned in the cardelli paper, the debug information for the `typechecking` pass should 
+print the generated type variable for every subexpression in an expression
+
+- think about idris-related ideas of multiple implementations of a type for an interface (+ vs * impl for monoids, for preorder/inorder/postorder for Foldable)
+
+-should have an Idris-like `cast To From` function
+
+## Schala-lang syntax
+
+-idea: the `type` declaration should have some kind of GADT-like syntax
+
+- Idea: if you have a pattern-match where one variant has a variable and the other lacks it
+instead of treating this as a type error, promote the bound variable to an option type
+
+- Include extensible scala-style html"string ${var}" string interpolations
+
+- A neat idea for pattern matching optimization would be if you could match on one of several things in a list
+ex:
+```if x {
+ is (comp, LHSPat, RHSPat) if comp in ["==, "<"] -> ...
+}```
+
+- Schala should have both currying *and* default arguments!
+```fn a(b: Int, c:Int, d:Int = 1) -> Int
+    a(1,2) : Int
+    a(1,2,d=2): Int
+    a(_,1,3) : Int -> Int
+    a(1,2, c=_): Int -> Int
+    a(_,_,_) : Int -> Int -> Int -> Int
+```
+
+- scoped types - be able to define a quick enum type scoped to a function or other type for
+  something, that only is meant to be used as a quick bespoke interface between
+  two other things
+
+ex.
+```type enum {
+  type enum MySubVariant {
+    SubVariant1, SubVariant2, etc.
+    }
+ Variant1(MySubVariant),
+ Variant2(...),
+ }```
+
+- inclusive/exclusive range syntax like .. vs ..=
+
+## Compilation
+-look into Inkwell for rust LLVM bindings
+
+-https://cranelift.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest<Paste>
+
+
+## Other links of note
+
+- https://nshipster.com/never/
+-consult http://gluon-lang.org/book/embedding-api.html
+
+
+## Trying if-syntax again
+
+//simple if expr
+if x == 10 then "a" else "z"
+
+//complex if expr
+if x == 10 then {
+  let a = 1
+  let b = 2
+  a + b
+} else {
+  55
+}
+
+// different comparison ops
+if x {
+ == 1 then "a"
+  .isPrime() then "b"
+  else "c"
+}
+
+/* for now disallow `if x == { 1 then ... }`, b/c hard to parse
+
+//simple pattern-matching
+if x is Person("Ivan", age) then age else 0
+
+//match-block equivalent
+if x {
+ is Person("Ivan", _) then "Ivan"
+ is Person(_, age) if age > 13 then "barmitzvah'd"
+ else "foo"
+ }
+
+
+
+## (OLD) Playing around with conditional syntax ideas
+
+
+- if/match playground
+
+simple if
+`if x == 1.0 { "a" } else { "b" }`
+
+one comparison multiple targets:
+`if x == { 1.0 -> "a", 2.0 -> "b", else -> "c" }`
+
+different comparison operators/ method calls:
+`if x { == 1.0 -> "a", eq NaN -> "n", .hella() -> "h", else -> "z" }`
+
+pattern matching/introducing bindings:
+`if alice { .age < 18 -> "18", is Person("Alice", age) -> "${age}", else -> "none" }`
+
+pattern matching w/ if-let:
+`if person is Person("Alice", age) { "${age}" } else { "nope" }`
+
+-https://soc.github.io/languages/unified-condition-syntax syntax:
+
+`if <cond-expr>" then <then-expr> else <else-expr>`
+`if <half-expr> \n <rest-expr1> then <result1-expr> \n <rest-expr2> then <result-expr2> else <result3-expr>`
+-and rest-exprs (or "targets") can have 'is' for pattern-matching, actually so can a full cond-expr
+
+UNIFIED IF EXPRESSIONS FINAL WORK:
+
+basic syntax:
+
+`if_expr := if discriminator '{' (guard_expr)* '}'`
+`guard_expr := pattern 'then' block_or_expr'`
+`pattern := rhs | is_pattern`
+`is_pattern := 'is' ???`
+`rhs := expression | ???`
+
+
+if the only two guard patterns are true and false, then the abbreviated syntax:
+`'if' discriminator 'then' block_or_expr 'else' block_or_expr`
+can replace `'if' discriminator '{' 'true' 'then' block_or_expr; 'false' 'then' block_or_expr '}'`
+

maaru/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "maaru-lang"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["greg <greg.shuflin@protonmail.com>"]
+
+[dependencies]
+itertools = "0.5.8"
+take_mut = "0.1.3"
+llvm-sys = "*"
+
+schala-repl = { path = "../schala-repl" }

maaru/src/eval.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+extern crate take_mut;
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use parser::{AST, Statement, Expression, Function, Callable, BinOp};
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::io::{Write, Stdout, BufWriter};
+use std::convert::From;
+
+use parser::Expression::*;
+use parser::Statement::*;
+
+type Reduction<T> = (T, Option<SideEffect>);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum ReducedValue {
+    StringLiteral(Rc<String>),
+    ListLiteral(VecDeque<Expression>),
+    StructLiteral(VecDeque<(Rc<String>, Expression)>),
+    Number(f64),
+    Lambda(Function),
+}
+
+impl From<ReducedValue> for Expression {
+    fn from(rv: ReducedValue) -> Expression {
+        match rv {
+            ReducedValue::Number(n) => Expression::Number(n),
+            ReducedValue::StringLiteral(n) => Expression::StringLiteral(n),
+            ReducedValue::Lambda(f) => Expression::Lambda(f),
+            ReducedValue::ListLiteral(items) => Expression::ListLiteral(items),
+            ReducedValue::StructLiteral(items) => Expression::StructLiteral(items),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Expression> for ReducedValue {
+    fn from(rv: Expression) -> ReducedValue {
+        match rv {
+            Expression::Number(n) => ReducedValue::Number(n),
+            Expression::StringLiteral(n) => ReducedValue::StringLiteral(n),
+            Expression::Lambda(f) => ReducedValue::Lambda(f),
+            Expression::ListLiteral(items) => ReducedValue::ListLiteral(items),
+            Expression::StructLiteral(items) => ReducedValue::StructLiteral(items),
+            _ => panic!("trying to store a non-fully-reduced variable"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_indexer(f: f64) -> Option<usize> {
+    if f.fract() == 0.0 {
+        if f.trunc() >= 0.0 {
+            return Some(f.trunc() as usize);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum SideEffect {
+    Print(String),
+    AddBinding(Rc<String>, ReducedValue),
+}
+
+pub struct Evaluator<'a> {
+    parent: Option<&'a Evaluator<'a>>,
+    variables: HashMap<String, ReducedValue>,
+    stdout: BufWriter<Stdout>,
+    pub trace_evaluation: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Evaluator<'a> {
+    pub fn new(parent: Option<&'a Evaluator>) -> Evaluator<'a> {
+        Evaluator {
+            variables: HashMap::new(),
+            parent: parent,
+            stdout: BufWriter::new(::std::io::stdout()),
+            trace_evaluation: parent.map_or(false, |e| e.trace_evaluation),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn run(&mut self, ast: AST) -> Vec<String> {
+        ast.into_iter()
+            .map(|astnode| format!("{}", self.reduction_loop(astnode)))
+            .collect()
+
+    }
+
+    fn add_binding(&mut self, var: String, value: ReducedValue) {
+        self.variables.insert(var, value);
+    }
+
+    fn lookup_binding(&self, var: &str) -> Option<ReducedValue> {
+        match self.variables.get(var) {
+            Some(expr) => Some(expr.clone()),
+            None => match self.parent {
+                Some(env) => env.lookup_binding(var),
+                None => None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+trait Evaluable {
+    fn is_reducible(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl Evaluable for Statement {
+    fn is_reducible(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            &ExprNode(ref expr) => expr.is_reducible(),
+            &FuncDefNode(_) => true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Evaluable for Expression {
+    fn is_reducible(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            Null => false,
+            StringLiteral(_) => false,
+            Lambda(_) => false,
+            Number(_) => false,
+            ListLiteral(ref items) => {
+                items.iter().any(|x| x.is_reducible())
+            }
+            StructLiteral(ref items) => {
+                items.iter().any(|pair| pair.1.is_reducible())
+            }
+            _ => true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Expression {
+    fn is_truthy(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            Null => false,
+            StringLiteral(ref s) if **s == "" => false,
+            Number(n) if n == 0.0 => false,
+            _ => true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_assignment(op: &BinOp) -> bool {
+    use self::BinOp::*;
+    match *op {
+        Assign | AddAssign | SubAssign |
+        MulAssign | DivAssign => true,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Evaluator<'a> {
+    fn reduction_loop(&mut self, mut node: Statement) -> Statement {
+        loop {
+            node = self.step(node);
+            if !node.is_reducible() {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        node
+    }
+
+    fn step(&mut self, node: Statement) -> Statement {
+        let mut trace = String::new();
+        if self.trace_evaluation {
+            trace.push_str(&format!("Step: {:?}", node));
+        }
+
+        let (new_node, side_effect) = self.reduce_astnode(node);
+
+        if self.trace_evaluation {
+            trace.push_str(&format!(" ➜ {:?}", new_node));
+        }
+        if let Some(s) = side_effect {
+            if self.trace_evaluation {
+                trace.push_str(&format!(" | side-effect: {:?}", s));
+            }
+            self.perform_side_effect(s);
+        }
+        if self.trace_evaluation {
+            println!("{}", trace);
+        }
+        new_node
+    }
+
+    fn perform_side_effect(&mut self, side_effect: SideEffect) {
+        use self::SideEffect::*;
+        match side_effect {
+            Print(s) => {
+                write!(self.stdout, "{}\n", s).unwrap();
+                match self.stdout.flush() {
+                    Ok(_) => (),
+                    Err(_) => println!("Could not flush stdout"),
+                };
+            }
+            AddBinding(var, value) => {
+                self.add_binding((*var).clone(), value);
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_astnode(&mut self, node: Statement) -> Reduction<Statement> {
+        match node {
+            ExprNode(expr) => {
+                if expr.is_reducible() {
+                    let (new_expr, side_effect) = self.reduce_expr(expr);
+                    (ExprNode(new_expr), side_effect)
+                } else {
+                    (ExprNode(expr), None)
+                }
+            }
+            FuncDefNode(func) => {
+                let name = func.prototype.name.clone();
+                let reduced_value = ReducedValue::Lambda(func.clone());
+                let binding = Some(SideEffect::AddBinding(name, reduced_value));
+                (ExprNode(Expression::Lambda(func)), binding)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //TODO I probably want another Expression variant that holds a ReducedValue
+    fn reduce_expr(&mut self, expression: Expression) -> Reduction<Expression> {
+        match expression {
+            Null => (Null, None),
+            e @ StringLiteral(_) => (e, None),
+            e @ Number(_) => (e, None),
+            e @ Lambda(_) => (e, None),
+            Variable(ref var) => {
+                match self.lookup_binding(var).map(|x| x.into()) {
+                    None => (Null, None),
+                    Some(expr) => (expr, None),
+                }
+            }
+            BinExp(op, mut left, mut right) => {
+                if right.is_reducible() {
+                    let mut side_effect = None;
+                    take_mut::take(right.as_mut(), |expr| { let (a, b) = self.reduce_expr(expr); side_effect = b; a});
+                    return (BinExp(op, left, right), side_effect);
+                }
+
+                if let BinOp::Assign = op {
+                    return match *left {
+                        Variable(var) => {
+                            let reduced_value: ReducedValue = ReducedValue::from(*right);
+                            let binding = SideEffect::AddBinding(var, reduced_value);
+                            (Null, Some(binding))
+                        },
+                        _ => (Null, None)
+                    };
+                }
+
+                if is_assignment(&op) {
+                    use self::BinOp::*;
+                    let new_op = match op {
+                        AddAssign => Add,
+                        SubAssign => Sub,
+                        MulAssign => Mul,
+                        DivAssign => Div,
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
+                    };
+
+                    let reduction =
+                        BinExp(BinOp::Assign,
+                               Box::new(*left.clone()),
+                               Box::new(BinExp(new_op, left, right))
+                              );
+
+                    return (reduction, None);
+                }
+
+                if left.is_reducible() {
+                    let mut side_effect = None;
+                    take_mut::take(left.as_mut(), |expr| { let (a, b) = self.reduce_expr(expr); side_effect = b; a});
+                    (BinExp(op, left, right), side_effect)
+                } else {
+                    (self.reduce_binop(op, *left, *right), None) //can assume both arguments are maximally reduced
+                }
+            }
+            Call(callable, mut args) => {
+                let mut f = true;
+                for arg in args.iter_mut() {
+                    if arg.is_reducible() {
+                        take_mut::take(arg, |arg| self.reduce_expr(arg).0);
+                        f = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if f {
+                    self.reduce_call(callable, args)
+                } else {
+                    (Call(callable, args), None)
+                }
+            }
+            While(test, body) => {
+                let mut block = VecDeque::from(body.clone());
+                block.push_back(While(test.clone(), body.clone()));
+                let reduction = Conditional(test, Box::new(Block(block)), None); 
+                (reduction, None)
+            }
+            Conditional(box test, then_block, else_block) => {
+                if test.is_reducible() {
+                    let (new_test, new_effect) = self.reduce_expr(test);
+                    (Conditional(Box::new(new_test), then_block, else_block), new_effect)
+                } else {
+                    if test.is_truthy() {
+                        (*then_block, None)
+                    } else {
+                        match else_block {
+                            Some(box expr) => (expr, None),
+                            None => (Null, None),
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Block(mut exprs) => {
+                let first = exprs.pop_front();
+                match first {
+                    None => (Null, None),
+                    Some(expr) => {
+                        if exprs.len() == 0 {
+                            (expr, None)
+                        } else {
+                            if expr.is_reducible() {
+                                let (new, side_effect) = self.reduce_expr(expr);
+                                exprs.push_front(new);
+                                (Block(exprs), side_effect)
+                            } else {
+                                (Block(exprs), None)
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Index(mut expr, mut index_expr) => {
+                if index_expr.is_reducible() {
+                    let mut side_effect = None;
+                    take_mut::take(index_expr.as_mut(), |expr| { let (a, b) = self.reduce_expr(expr); side_effect = b; a});
+                    return (Index(expr, index_expr), side_effect)
+                }
+
+                if expr.is_reducible() {
+                    let mut side_effect = None;
+                    take_mut::take(expr.as_mut(), |expr| { let (a, b) = self.reduce_expr(expr); side_effect = b; a});
+                    return (Index(expr, index_expr), side_effect);
+                }
+
+                match (*expr, *index_expr) {
+                    (ListLiteral(list_items), Number(n)) => {
+                        let indexed_expr = get_indexer(n).and_then(|i| list_items.get(i));
+                        if let Some(e) = indexed_expr {
+                            (e.clone(), None)
+                        } else {
+                            (Null, None)
+                        }
+                    }
+                    (StructLiteral(items), StringLiteral(s)) => {
+                        for item in items {
+                            if s == item.0 {
+                                return (item.1.clone(), None); //TODO this is hella inefficient
+                            }
+                        }
+                        (Null, None)
+                    },
+                    _ => (Null, None)
+                }
+            }
+            ListLiteral(mut exprs) => {
+                let mut side_effect = None;
+                for expr in exprs.iter_mut() {
+                    if expr.is_reducible() {
+                        take_mut::take(expr, |expr| {
+                            let (a, b) = self.reduce_expr(expr);
+                            side_effect = b;
+                            a
+                        });
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                (ListLiteral(exprs), side_effect)
+            },
+
+            StructLiteral(mut items) => {
+                let mut side_effect = None;
+                for pair in items.iter_mut() {
+                    if pair.1.is_reducible() {
+                        take_mut::take(pair, |pair| {
+                            let (name, expr) = pair;
+                            let (a, b) = self.reduce_expr(expr);
+                            side_effect = b;
+                            (name, a)
+                        });
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                (StructLiteral(items), side_effect)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_binop(&mut self, op: BinOp, left: Expression, right: Expression) -> Expression {
+        use self::BinOp::*;
+        let truthy = Number(1.0);
+        let falsy = Null;
+        match (op, left, right) {
+            (Add, Number(l), Number(r)) => Number(l + r),
+            (Add, StringLiteral(s1), StringLiteral(s2)) => StringLiteral(Rc::new(format!("{}{}", *s1, *s2))),
+            (Add, StringLiteral(s1), Number(r)) => StringLiteral(Rc::new(format!("{}{}", *s1, r))),
+            (Add, Number(l), StringLiteral(s1)) => StringLiteral(Rc::new(format!("{}{}", l, *s1))),
+            (Sub, Number(l), Number(r)) => Number(l - r),
+            (Mul, Number(l), Number(r)) => Number(l * r),
+            (Div, Number(l), Number(r)) if r != 0.0 => Number(l / r),
+            (Mod, Number(l), Number(r)) => Number(l % r),
+            (Less, Number(l), Number(r)) => if l < r { truthy } else { falsy },
+            (LessEq, Number(l), Number(r)) => if l <= r { truthy } else { falsy },
+            (Greater, Number(l), Number(r)) => if l > r { truthy } else { falsy },
+            (GreaterEq, Number(l), Number(r)) => if l >= r { truthy } else { falsy },
+            (Equal, Number(l), Number(r)) => if l == r { truthy } else { falsy },
+            (Equal, Null, Null) => truthy,
+            (Equal, StringLiteral(s1), StringLiteral(s2)) => if s1 == s2 { truthy } else { falsy },
+            (Equal, _, _) => falsy,
+            _ => falsy,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_call(&mut self, callable: Callable, arguments: Vec<Expression>) -> Reduction<Expression> {
+        if let Some(res) = handle_builtin(&callable, &arguments) {
+            return res;
+        }
+
+        let function = match callable {
+            Callable::Lambda(func) => func.clone(),
+            Callable::NamedFunction(name) => {
+                match self.lookup_binding(&*name) {
+                    Some(ReducedValue::Lambda(func)) => func,
+                    _ => return (Null, None),
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        if function.prototype.parameters.len() != arguments.len() {
+            return (Null, None);
+        }
+
+        let mut evaluator = Evaluator::new(Some(self));
+        for (binding, expr) in function.prototype.parameters.iter().zip(arguments.iter()) {
+            evaluator.add_binding((**binding).clone(), expr.clone().into());
+        }
+
+        let nodes = function.body.iter().map(|node| node.clone());
+        let mut retval = ExprNode(Null);
+        for n in nodes {
+            retval = evaluator.reduction_loop(n);
+        }
+
+        match retval {
+            ExprNode(expr) => (expr, None),
+            FuncDefNode(_) => panic!("This should never happen! A maximally-reduced node\
+            should never be a function definition!")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn handle_builtin(callable: &Callable, arguments: &Vec<Expression>) -> Option<Reduction<Expression>> {
+    let name: &str = match *callable {
+        Callable::NamedFunction(ref name) => *&name,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+
+    match name {
+        "print" => {
+            let mut s = String::new();
+            for arg in arguments {
+                s.push_str(&format!("{} ", arg));
+            }
+            return Some((Null, Some(SideEffect::Print(s))));
+        },
+        _ => None
+    }
+}

maaru/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#![feature(box_patterns)]
+
+extern crate schala_repl;
+
+mod tokenizer;
+mod parser;
+mod eval;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TokenError {
+    pub msg: String,
+}
+
+impl TokenError {
+    pub fn new(msg: &str) -> TokenError {
+        TokenError { msg: msg.to_string() }
+    }
+}
+
+pub use self::eval::Evaluator as MaaruEvaluator;
+
+pub struct Maaru<'a> {
+  evaluator: MaaruEvaluator<'a>
+}
+
+impl<'a> Maaru<'a> {
+  pub fn new() -> Maaru<'a> {
+    Maaru {
+      evaluator: MaaruEvaluator::new(None),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+fn execute_pipeline(&mut self, input: &str, options: &EvalOptions) -> Result<String, String> {
+  let mut output = UnfinishedComputation::default();
+
+  let tokens = match tokenizer::tokenize(input) {
+    Ok(tokens) => {
+      if let Some(_) = options.debug_passes.get("tokens") {
+        output.add_artifact(TraceArtifact::new("tokens", format!("{:?}", tokens)));
+      }
+      tokens
+    },
+    Err(err) => {
+      return output.finish(Err(format!("Tokenization error: {:?}\n", err.msg)))
+    }
+  };
+
+  let ast = match parser::parse(&tokens, &[]) {
+    Ok(ast) => {
+      if let Some(_) = options.debug_passes.get("ast") {
+        output.add_artifact(TraceArtifact::new("ast", format!("{:?}", ast)));
+      }
+      ast
+    },
+    Err(err) => {
+      return output.finish(Err(format!("Parse error: {:?}\n", err.msg)))
+    }
+  };
+  let mut evaluation_output = String::new();
+  for s in self.evaluator.run(ast).iter() {
+    evaluation_output.push_str(s);
+  }
+  Ok(evaluation_output)
+}
+*/
+
+/*
+impl<'a> ProgrammingLanguageInterface for Maaru<'a> {
+  fn get_language_name(&self) -> String {
+    "Maaru".to_string()
+  }
+  fn get_source_file_suffix(&self) -> String {
+    format!("maaru")
+  }
+}
+  */

maaru/src/parser.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+use tokenizer::{Token, Kw, OpTok};
+use tokenizer::Token::*;
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::convert::From;
+
+// Grammar
+// program := (statement delimiter ?)*
+// delimiter := Newline | Semicolon
+// statement := declaration | expression
+// declaration :=  FN prototype LCurlyBrace (statement)* RCurlyBrace
+// prototype := identifier LParen identlist RParen
+// identlist := Ident (Comma Ident)* | ε
+// exprlist  := Expression (Comma Expression)* | ε
+// itemlist  := Ident COLON Expression (Comma Ident COLON Expression)* | ε
+//
+// expression := postop_expression (op postop_expression)*
+// postop_expression := primary_expression postop
+// primary_expression :=  number_expr | String | identifier_expr | paren_expr | conditional_expr | while_expr | lambda_expr | list_expr | struct_expr
+// number_expr := (PLUS | MINUS ) number_expr | Number
+// identifier_expr := call_expression | Variable
+// list_expr := LSquareBracket exprlist RSquareBracket
+// struct_expr := LCurlyBrace itemlist RCurlyBrace
+// call_expression := Identifier LParen exprlist RParen
+// while_expr := WHILE primary_expression LCurlyBrace (expression delimiter)* RCurlyBrace
+// paren_expr := LParen expression RParen
+// conditional_expr := IF expression LCurlyBrace (expression delimiter)* RCurlyBrace (LCurlyBrace (expresion delimiter)* RCurlyBrace)?
+// lambda_expr := FN LParen identlist RParen LCurlyBrace (expression delimiter)* RCurlyBrace
+// lambda_call :=  | LParen exprlist RParen
+// postop := ε | LParen exprlist RParen | LBracket expression RBracket
+// op := '+', '-', etc.
+//
+
+pub type AST = Vec<Statement>;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Statement {
+    ExprNode(Expression),
+    FuncDefNode(Function),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Statement {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        use self::Statement::*;
+        match *self {
+            ExprNode(ref expr) => write!(f, "{}", expr),
+            FuncDefNode(_) => write!(f, "UNIMPLEMENTED"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Function {
+    pub prototype: Prototype,
+    pub body: Vec<Statement>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Prototype {
+    pub name: Rc<String>,
+    pub parameters: Vec<Rc<String>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Expression {
+    Null,
+    StringLiteral(Rc<String>),
+    Number(f64),
+    Variable(Rc<String>),
+    BinExp(BinOp, Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
+    Call(Callable, Vec<Expression>),
+    Conditional(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>, Option<Box<Expression>>),
+    Lambda(Function),
+    Block(VecDeque<Expression>),
+    While(Box<Expression>, Vec<Expression>),
+    Index(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
+    ListLiteral(VecDeque<Expression>),
+    StructLiteral(VecDeque<(Rc<String>, Expression)>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum Callable {
+    NamedFunction(Rc<String>),
+    Lambda(Function),
+}
+
+//TODO this ought to be ReducedExpression
+impl fmt::Display for Expression {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        use self::Expression::*;
+        match *self {
+            Null => write!(f, "null"),
+            StringLiteral(ref s) => write!(f, "\"{}\"", s),
+            Number(n) => write!(f, "{}", n),
+            Lambda(Function { prototype: Prototype { ref name, ref parameters, .. }, .. }) => {
+                write!(f, "«function: {}, {} arg(s)»", name, parameters.len())
+            }
+            ListLiteral(ref items) => {
+                write!(f, "[ ")?;
+                let mut iter = items.iter().peekable();
+                while let Some(item) = iter.next() {
+                    write!(f, "{}", item)?;
+                    if let Some(_) = iter.peek() {
+                        write!(f, ", ")?;
+                    }
+                }
+                write!(f, " ]")
+            }
+            StructLiteral(ref items) => {
+                write!(f, "{} ", "{")?;
+                let mut iter = items.iter().peekable();
+                while let Some(pair) = iter.next() {
+                    write!(f, "{}: {}", pair.0, pair.1)?;
+                    if let Some(_) = iter.peek() {
+                        write!(f, ", ")?;
+                    }
+                }
+                write!(f, "{} ", "}")
+            }
+            _ => write!(f, "UNIMPLEMENTED"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum BinOp {
+    Add,
+    AddAssign,
+    Sub,
+    SubAssign,
+    Mul,
+    MulAssign,
+    Div,
+    DivAssign,
+    Mod,
+    Less,
+    LessEq,
+    Greater,
+    GreaterEq,
+    Equal,
+    Assign,
+    Custom(String),
+}
+
+impl From<OpTok> for BinOp {
+    fn from(token: OpTok) -> BinOp {
+        use self::BinOp::*;
+        match &token.0[..] {
+            "+" => Add,
+            "+=" => AddAssign,
+            "-" => Sub,
+            "-=" => SubAssign,
+            "*" => Mul,
+            "*=" => MulAssign,
+            "/" => Div,
+            "/=" => DivAssign,
+            "%" => Mod,
+            "<" => Less,
+            "<=" => LessEq,
+            ">" => Greater,
+            ">=" => GreaterEq,
+            "==" => Equal,
+            "=" => Assign,
+            op => Custom(op.to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+type Precedence = u8;
+
+// TODO make this support incomplete parses
+pub type ParseResult<T> = Result<T, ParseError>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ParseError {
+    pub msg: String,
+    pub remaining_tokens: Vec<Token>,
+}
+
+impl ParseError {
+    fn result_from_str<T>(msg: &str) -> ParseResult<T> {
+        Err(ParseError {
+            msg: msg.to_string(),
+            remaining_tokens: vec![],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+struct Parser {
+    tokens: Vec<Token>,
+}
+
+impl Parser {
+    fn initialize(tokens: &[Token]) -> Parser {
+        let mut tokens = tokens.to_vec();
+        tokens.reverse();
+        Parser { tokens: tokens }
+    }
+
+    fn peek(&self) -> Option<Token> {
+        self.tokens.last().map(|x| x.clone())
+    }
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Token> {
+        self.tokens.pop()
+    }
+
+    fn get_precedence(&self, op: &OpTok) -> Precedence {
+        match &op.0[..] {
+            "+" => 10,
+            "-" => 10,
+            "*" => 20,
+            "/" => 20,
+            "%" => 20,
+            "==" => 40,
+            "=" | "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" => 1,
+            ">" | ">=" | "<" | "<=" => 30,
+            _ => 255,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! expect {
+    ($self_:expr, $token:pat) => {
+        match $self_.peek() {
+            Some($token) => {$self_.next();},
+            Some(x) => {
+                let err = format!("Expected `{:?}` but got `{:?}`", stringify!($token), x);
+                return ParseError::result_from_str(&err)
+            },
+            None => {
+                let err = format!("Expected `{:?}` but got end of input", stringify!($token));
+                return ParseError::result_from_str(&err) //TODO make this not require 2 stringifications
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! expect_identifier {
+    ($self_:expr) => {
+        match $self_.peek() {
+            Some(Identifier(s)) => {$self_.next(); s},
+            Some(x) => return ParseError::result_from_str(&format!("Expected identifier, but got {:?}", x)),
+            None => return ParseError::result_from_str("Expected identifier, but got end of input"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! skip_whitespace {
+    ($_self: expr) => {
+        loop {
+            match $_self.peek() {
+                Some(ref t) if is_delimiter(t) => {
+                    $_self.next();
+                    continue;
+                }
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! delimiter_block {
+    ($_self: expr, $try_parse: ident, $($break_pattern: pat)|+) => {
+        {
+        let mut acc = Vec::new();
+        loop {
+            match $_self.peek() {
+                None => break,
+                Some(ref t) if is_delimiter(t) => { $_self.next(); continue; },
+                $($break_pattern)|+ => break,
+                _ => {
+                    let a = try!($_self.$try_parse());
+                    acc.push(a);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        acc
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_delimiter(token: &Token) -> bool {
+    match *token {
+        Newline | Semicolon => true,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+impl Parser {
+    fn program(&mut self) -> ParseResult<AST> {
+        let mut ast = Vec::new(); //TODO have this come from previously-parsed tree
+        loop {
+            let result: ParseResult<Statement> = match self.peek() {
+                Some(ref t) if is_delimiter(t) => {
+                    self.next();
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Some(_) => self.statement(),
+                None => break,
+            };
+
+            match result {
+                Ok(node) => ast.push(node),
+                Err(mut err) => {
+                    err.remaining_tokens = self.tokens.clone();
+                    err.remaining_tokens.reverse();
+                    return Err(err);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(ast)
+    }
+
+    fn statement(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Statement> {
+        let node: Statement = match self.peek() {
+            Some(Keyword(Kw::Fn)) => self.declaration()?,
+            Some(_) => Statement::ExprNode(self.expression()?),
+            None => panic!("Unexpected end of tokens"),
+        };
+        Ok(node)
+    }
+
+    fn declaration(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Statement> {
+        expect!(self, Keyword(Kw::Fn));
+        let prototype = self.prototype()?;
+        expect!(self, LCurlyBrace);
+        let body = self.body()?;
+        expect!(self, RCurlyBrace);
+        Ok(Statement::FuncDefNode(Function {
+            prototype: prototype,
+            body: body,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn prototype(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Prototype> {
+        let name = expect_identifier!(self);
+        expect!(self, LParen);
+        let parameters = self.identlist()?;
+        expect!(self, RParen);
+        Ok(Prototype {
+            name: name,
+            parameters: parameters,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn identlist(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Vec<Rc<String>>> {
+        let mut args = Vec::new();
+        while let Some(Identifier(name)) = self.peek() {
+            args.push(name.clone());
+            self.next();
+            match self.peek() {
+                Some(Comma) => {self.next();},
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(args)
+    }
+
+    fn exprlist(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Vec<Expression>> {
+        let mut exprs = Vec::new();
+        loop {
+            if let Some(RParen) = self.peek() {
+                break;
+            }
+            let exp = self.expression()?;
+            exprs.push(exp);
+            match self.peek() {
+                Some(Comma) => {self.next();},
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(exprs)
+    }
+
+    fn itemlist(&mut self) -> ParseResult<VecDeque<(Rc<String>, Expression)>> {
+        let mut items = VecDeque::new();
+        loop {
+            if let Some(RCurlyBrace) = self.peek() {
+                break;
+            }
+            let name = expect_identifier!(self);
+            expect!(self, Colon);
+            let expr = self.expression()?;
+            items.push_back((name, expr));
+            match self.peek() {
+                Some(Comma) => {self.next();},
+                _ => break,
+            };
+        }
+        Ok(items)
+    }
+
+    fn body(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Vec<Statement>> {
+        let statements = delimiter_block!(
+            self,
+            statement,
+            Some(RCurlyBrace)
+        );
+        Ok(statements)
+    }
+
+    fn expression(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        let lhs: Expression = self.postop_expression()?;
+        self.precedence_expr(lhs, 0)
+    }
+
+    fn precedence_expr(&mut self,
+                       mut lhs: Expression,
+                       min_precedence: u8)
+                       -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        while let Some(Operator(op)) = self.peek() {
+            let precedence = self.get_precedence(&op);
+            if precedence < min_precedence {
+                break;
+            }
+            self.next();
+            let mut rhs = self.postop_expression()?;
+            while let Some(Operator(ref op)) = self.peek() {
+                if self.get_precedence(op) > precedence {
+                    let new_prec = self.get_precedence(op);
+                    rhs = self.precedence_expr(rhs, new_prec)?;
+
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            lhs = Expression::BinExp(op.into(), Box::new(lhs), Box::new(rhs));
+        }
+        Ok(lhs)
+    }
+
+    fn postop_expression(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        use self::Expression::*;
+        let expr = self.primary_expression()?;
+        let ret = match self.peek() {
+            Some(LParen) => {
+                let args = self.call_expression()?;
+                match expr {
+                    Lambda(f) => Call(Callable::Lambda(f), args),
+                    e => {
+                        let err = format!("Expected lambda expression before a call, got {:?}", e);
+                        return ParseError::result_from_str(&err);
+                    },
+                }
+            },
+            Some(LSquareBracket) => {
+                expect!(self, LSquareBracket);
+                let index_expr = self.expression()?;
+                expect!(self, RSquareBracket);
+                Index(Box::new(expr), Box::new(index_expr))
+            },
+            _ => {
+                expr
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(ret)
+    }
+
+    fn primary_expression(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        Ok(match self.peek() {
+            Some(Keyword(Kw::Null)) => {
+                self.next();
+                Expression::Null
+            }
+            Some(NumLiteral(_)) => self.number_expression()?,
+            Some(Operator(OpTok(ref a))) if **a == "+" || **a == "-" => self.number_expression()?,
+            Some(StrLiteral(s)) => {
+                self.next();
+                Expression::StringLiteral(s)
+            }
+            Some(Keyword(Kw::If)) => self.conditional_expr()?,
+            Some(Keyword(Kw::While)) => self.while_expr()?,
+            Some(Identifier(_)) => self.identifier_expr()?,
+            Some(Token::LParen) => self.paren_expr()?,
+            Some(Keyword(Kw::Fn)) => self.lambda_expr()?,
+            Some(Token::LSquareBracket) => self.list_expr()?,
+            Some(Token::LCurlyBrace) => self.struct_expr()?,
+            Some(e) => {
+                return ParseError::result_from_str(&format!("Expected primary expression, got \
+                                                             {:?}",
+                                                            e));
+            }
+            None => return ParseError::result_from_str("Expected primary expression received EoI"),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn list_expr(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        expect!(self, LSquareBracket);
+        let exprlist: Vec<Expression> = self.exprlist()?;
+        expect!(self, RSquareBracket);
+
+        Ok(Expression::ListLiteral(VecDeque::from(exprlist)))
+    }
+
+    fn struct_expr(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        expect!(self, LCurlyBrace);
+        let struct_items = self.itemlist()?;
+        expect!(self, RCurlyBrace);
+        Ok(Expression::StructLiteral(struct_items))
+    }
+
+    fn number_expression(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        let mut multiplier = 1;
+        loop {
+            match self.peek() {
+                Some(NumLiteral(n)) => {
+                    self.next();
+                    return Ok(Expression::Number(n * multiplier as f64));
+                }
+                Some(Operator(OpTok(ref a))) if **a == "+" => {
+                    self.next();
+                }
+                Some(Operator(OpTok(ref a))) if **a == "-" => {
+                    multiplier *= -1;
+                    self.next();
+                }
+                Some(e) => {
+                    return ParseError::result_from_str(
+                            &format!("Expected +, - or number, got {:?}", e));
+                }
+                None => {
+                    return ParseError::result_from_str(
+                            &format!("Expected +, - or number, got EoI"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn lambda_expr(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        use self::Expression::*;
+        expect!(self, Keyword(Kw::Fn));
+        skip_whitespace!(self);
+        expect!(self, LParen);
+        let parameters = self.identlist()?;
+        expect!(self, RParen);
+        skip_whitespace!(self);
+        expect!(self, LCurlyBrace);
+        let body = self.body()?;
+        expect!(self, RCurlyBrace);
+
+        let prototype = Prototype {
+            name: Rc::new("a lambda yo!".to_string()),
+            parameters: parameters,
+        };
+
+        let function = Function {
+            prototype: prototype,
+            body: body,
+        };
+
+        Ok(Lambda(function))
+    }
+
+    fn while_expr(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        use self::Expression::*;
+        expect!(self, Keyword(Kw::While));
+        let test = self.expression()?;
+        expect!(self, LCurlyBrace);
+        let body = delimiter_block!(
+            self,
+            expression,
+            Some(RCurlyBrace)
+        );
+        expect!(self, RCurlyBrace);
+        Ok(While(Box::new(test), body))
+    }
+
+    fn conditional_expr(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        use self::Expression::*;
+        expect!(self, Keyword(Kw::If));
+        let test = self.expression()?;
+        skip_whitespace!(self);
+        expect!(self, LCurlyBrace);
+        skip_whitespace!(self);
+        let then_block = delimiter_block!(
+            self,
+            expression,
+            Some(RCurlyBrace)
+        );
+        expect!(self, RCurlyBrace);
+        skip_whitespace!(self);
+        let else_block = if let Some(Keyword(Kw::Else)) = self.peek() {
+            self.next();
+            skip_whitespace!(self);
+            expect!(self, LCurlyBrace);
+            let else_exprs  = delimiter_block!(
+                self,
+                expression,
+                Some(RCurlyBrace)
+            );
+            Some(else_exprs)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        expect!(self, RCurlyBrace);
+        Ok(Conditional(Box::new(test),
+                       Box::new(Block(VecDeque::from(then_block))),
+                       else_block.map(|list| Box::new(Block(VecDeque::from(list))))))
+    }
+
+    fn identifier_expr(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        let name = expect_identifier!(self);
+        let expr = match self.peek() {
+            Some(LParen) => {
+                let args = self.call_expression()?;
+                Expression::Call(Callable::NamedFunction(name), args)
+            }
+            __ => Expression::Variable(name),
+        };
+        Ok(expr)
+    }
+
+    fn call_expression(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Vec<Expression>> {
+        expect!(self, LParen);
+        let args: Vec<Expression> = self.exprlist()?;
+        expect!(self, RParen);
+        Ok(args)
+    }
+
+    fn paren_expr(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression> {
+        expect!(self, Token::LParen);
+        let expr = self.expression()?;
+        expect!(self, Token::RParen);
+        Ok(expr)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn parse(tokens: &[Token], _parsed_tree: &[Statement]) -> ParseResult<AST> {
+    let mut parser = Parser::initialize(tokens);
+    parser.program()
+}
+
+/*
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use schala_lang::tokenizer;
+    use super::*;
+    use super::Statement::*;
+    use super::Expression::*;
+
+    macro_rules! parsetest {
+        ($input:expr, $output:pat, $ifexpr:expr) => {
+            {
+            let tokens = tokenizer::tokenize($input).unwrap();
+            let ast = parse(&tokens, &[]).unwrap();
+            match &ast[..] {
+                $output if $ifexpr => (),
+                x => panic!("Error in parse test, got {:?} instead", x)
+            }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn function_parse_test() {
+        use super::Function;
+        parsetest!(
+        "fn a() { 1 + 2 }",
+        &[FuncDefNode(Function {prototype: Prototype { ref name, ref parameters }, ref body})],
+        match &body[..] { &[ExprNode(BinExp(_, box Number(1.0), box Number(2.0)))] => true, _ => false }
+            && **name == "a" && match &parameters[..] { &[] => true, _ => false }
+        );
+
+        parsetest!(
+        "fn a(x,y){ 1 + 2 }",
+        &[FuncDefNode(Function {prototype: Prototype { ref name, ref parameters }, ref body})],
+        match &body[..] { &[ExprNode(BinExp(_, box Number(1.0), box Number(2.0)))] => true, _ => false }
+            && **name == "a" && *parameters[0] == "x" && *parameters[1] == "y" && parameters.len() == 2
+        );
+
+        let t3 = "fn (x) { x + 2 }";
+        let tokens3 = tokenizer::tokenize(t3).unwrap();
+        assert!(parse(&tokens3, &[]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn expression_parse_test() {
+        parsetest!("a", &[ExprNode(Variable(ref s))], **s == "a");
+        parsetest!("a + b",
+            &[ExprNode(BinExp(BinOp::Add, box Variable(ref a), box Variable(ref b)))],
+            **a == "a" && **b == "b");
+        parsetest!("a + b * c",
+            &[ExprNode(BinExp(BinOp::Add, box Variable(ref a), box BinExp(BinOp::Mul, box Variable(ref b), box Variable(ref c))))],
+            **a == "a" && **b == "b" && **c == "c");
+        parsetest!("a * b + c",
+            &[ExprNode(BinExp(BinOp::Add, box BinExp(BinOp::Mul, box Variable(ref a), box Variable(ref b)), box Variable(ref c)))],
+            **a == "a" && **b == "b" && **c == "c");
+        parsetest!("(a + b) * c",
+            &[ExprNode(BinExp(BinOp::Mul, box BinExp(BinOp::Add, box Variable(ref a), box Variable(ref b)), box Variable(ref c)))],
+            **a == "a" && **b == "b" && **c == "c");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lambda_parse_test() {
+        use schala_lang::tokenizer;
+        let t1 = "(fn(x) { x + 2 })";
+        let tokens1 = tokenizer::tokenize(t1).unwrap();
+        match parse(&tokens1, &[]).unwrap()[..] {
+            _ => (),
+        }
+
+        let t2 = "fn(x) { x + 2 }";
+        let tokens2 = tokenizer::tokenize(t2).unwrap();
+        assert!(parse(&tokens2, &[]).is_err());
+
+        let t3 = "(fn(x) { x + 10 })(20)";
+        let tokens3 = tokenizer::tokenize(t3).unwrap();
+        match parse(&tokens3, &[]).unwrap() {
+            _ => (),
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn conditional_parse_test() {
+        use schala_lang::tokenizer;
+        let t1 = "if null { 20 } else { 40 }";
+        let tokens = tokenizer::tokenize(t1).unwrap();
+        match parse(&tokens, &[]).unwrap()[..] {
+            [ExprNode(Conditional(box Null, box Block(_), Some(box Block(_))))] => (),
+            _ => panic!(),
+        }
+
+        let t2 = r"
+        if null {
+            20
+        } else {
+            40
+        }
+        ";
+        let tokens2 = tokenizer::tokenize(t2).unwrap();
+        match parse(&tokens2, &[]).unwrap()[..] {
+            [ExprNode(Conditional(box Null, box Block(_), Some(box Block(_))))] => (),
+            _ => panic!(),
+        }
+
+        let t2 = r"
+        if null {
+            20 } else
+        {
+            40
+        }
+        ";
+        let tokens3 = tokenizer::tokenize(t2).unwrap();
+        match parse(&tokens3, &[]).unwrap()[..] {
+            [ExprNode(Conditional(box Null, box Block(_), Some(box Block(_))))] => (),
+            _ => panic!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+*/

maaru/src/tokenizer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+extern crate itertools;
+
+use std::iter::Peekable;
+use std::str::Chars;
+use self::itertools::Itertools;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use TokenError;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Token {
+    Newline,
+    Semicolon,
+    LParen,
+    RParen,
+    LSquareBracket,
+    RSquareBracket,
+    LCurlyBrace,
+    RCurlyBrace,
+    Comma,
+    Period,
+    Colon,
+    NumLiteral(f64),
+    StrLiteral(Rc<String>),
+    Identifier(Rc<String>),
+    Operator(OpTok),
+    Keyword(Kw),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct OpTok(pub Rc<String>);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Kw {
+    If,
+    Else,
+    While,
+    Let,
+    Fn,
+    Null,
+}
+
+pub type TokenizeResult = Result<Vec<Token>, TokenError>;
+
+fn is_digit(c: &char) -> bool {
+    c.is_digit(10)
+}
+
+pub fn tokenize(input: &str) -> TokenizeResult {
+    use self::Token::*;
+    let mut tokens = Vec::new();
+    let mut iter: Peekable<Chars> = input.chars().peekable();
+    while let Some(c) = iter.next() {
+        if c == '#' {
+            while let Some(c) = iter.next() {
+                if c == '\n' {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        let cur_tok = match c {
+            c if char::is_whitespace(c) && c != '\n' => continue,
+            '\n' => Newline,
+            ';' => Semicolon,
+            '(' => LParen,
+            ')' => RParen,
+            ':' => Colon,
+            ',' => Comma,
+            '{' => LCurlyBrace,
+            '}' => RCurlyBrace,
+            '[' => LSquareBracket,
+            ']' => RSquareBracket,
+            '"' => tokenize_str(&mut iter)?,
+            c if !char::is_alphanumeric(c) => tokenize_operator(c, &mut iter)?,
+            c @ '.' | c if is_digit(&c) => tokenize_number_or_period(c, &mut iter)?,
+            c => tokenize_identifier(c, &mut iter)?,
+        };
+        tokens.push(cur_tok);
+    }
+    Ok(tokens)
+}
+
+fn tokenize_str(iter: &mut Peekable<Chars>) -> Result<Token, TokenError> {
+    let mut buffer = String::new();
+    loop {
+        // TODO handle string escapes, interpolation
+        match iter.next() {
+            Some(x) if x == '"' => break,
+            Some(x) => buffer.push(x),
+            None => return Err(TokenError::new("Unclosed quote")),
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(Token::StrLiteral(Rc::new(buffer)))
+}
+
+fn tokenize_operator(c: char, iter: &mut Peekable<Chars>) -> Result<Token, TokenError> {
+    let mut buffer = String::new();
+    buffer.push(c);
+    buffer.extend(iter.peeking_take_while(|x| !char::is_alphanumeric(*x) && !char::is_whitespace(*x))); 
+    Ok(Token::Operator(OpTok(Rc::new(buffer))))
+}
+
+fn tokenize_number_or_period(c: char, iter: &mut Peekable<Chars>) -> Result<Token, TokenError> {
+    if c == '.' && !iter.peek().map_or(false, is_digit) {
+        return Ok(Token::Period);
+    }
+
+    let mut buffer = String::new();
+    buffer.push(c);
+    buffer.extend(iter.peeking_take_while(|x| is_digit(x) || *x == '.'));
+
+    match buffer.parse::<f64>() {
+        Ok(f) => Ok(Token::NumLiteral(f)),
+        Err(_) => Err(TokenError::new("Failed to parse digit")),
+    }
+}
+
+fn tokenize_identifier(c: char, iter: &mut Peekable<Chars>) -> Result<Token, TokenError> {
+    fn ends_identifier(c: &char) -> bool {
+        let c = *c;
+        char::is_whitespace(c) || is_digit(&c) || c == ';' || c == '(' || c == ')' ||
+        c == ',' || c == '.' || c == ',' || c == ':' || c == '[' || c == ']'
+    }
+
+    use self::Token::*;
+    let mut buffer = String::new();
+    buffer.push(c);
+    buffer.extend(iter.peeking_take_while(|x| !ends_identifier(x)));
+
+    Ok(match &buffer[..] {
+        "if" => Keyword(Kw::If),
+        "else" => Keyword(Kw::Else),
+        "while" => Keyword(Kw::While),
+        "let" => Keyword(Kw::Let),
+        "fn" => Keyword(Kw::Fn),
+        "null" => Keyword(Kw::Null),
+        b => Identifier(Rc::new(b.to_string())),
+    })
+}
+
+/*
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use super::Token::*;
+
+    macro_rules! token_test {
+        ($input: expr, $output: pat, $ifexpr: expr) => {
+            let tokens = tokenize($input).unwrap();
+            match tokens[..] {
+                $output if $ifexpr => (),
+                _ => panic!("Actual output: {:?}", tokens),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn basic_tokeniziation_tests() {
+        token_test!("let a = 3\n",
+                    [Keyword(Kw::Let), Identifier(ref a), Operator(OpTok(ref b)), NumLiteral(3.0), Newline],
+                    **a == "a" && **b == "=");
+
+        token_test!("2+1",
+                    [NumLiteral(2.0), Operator(OpTok(ref a)), NumLiteral(1.0)],
+                    **a == "+");
+
+        token_test!("2 + 1",
+                    [NumLiteral(2.0), Operator(OpTok(ref a)), NumLiteral(1.0)],
+                    **a == "+");
+
+        token_test!("2.3*49.2",
+                   [NumLiteral(2.3), Operator(OpTok(ref a)), NumLiteral(49.2)],
+                   **a == "*");
+
+        token_test!("a+3",
+                    [Identifier(ref a), NumLiteral(3.0)],
+                    **a == "a+");
+
+        assert!(tokenize("2.4.5").is_err());
+
+        token_test!("fn my_func(a) { a ? 3[1] }",
+                    [Keyword(Kw::Fn), Identifier(ref a), LParen, Identifier(ref b), RParen, LCurlyBrace, Identifier(ref c),
+                     Operator(OpTok(ref d)), NumLiteral(3.0), LSquareBracket, NumLiteral(1.0), RSquareBracket, RCurlyBrace],
+                     **a == "my_func" && **b == "a" && **c == "a" && **d == "?");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn string_test() {
+        token_test!("null + \"a string\"",
+                    [Keyword(Kw::Null), Operator(OpTok(ref a)), StrLiteral(ref b)],
+                    **a == "+" && **b == "a string");
+
+        token_test!("\"{?'q@?\"",
+                    [StrLiteral(ref a)],
+                    **a == "{?'q@?");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn operator_test() {
+        token_test!("a *> b",
+                   [Identifier(ref a), Operator(OpTok(ref b)), Identifier(ref c)],
+                   **a == "a" && **b == "*>" && **c == "b");
+
+
+    }
+}
+*/

robo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "robo-lang"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["greg <greg.shuflin@protonmail.com>"]
+
+[dependencies]
+itertools = "0.5.8"
+take_mut = "0.1.3"
+llvm-sys = "*"
+
+schala-repl = { path = "../schala-repl" }

robo/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+#![feature(box_patterns)]
+
+extern crate itertools;
+extern crate schala_repl;
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use schala_repl::{ProgrammingLanguageInterface, EvalOptions}; 
+
+pub struct Robo {
+}
+
+impl Robo {
+  pub fn new() -> Robo {
+    Robo { }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TokenError {
+    pub msg: String,
+}
+
+impl TokenError {
+    pub fn new(msg: &str) -> TokenError {
+        TokenError { msg: msg.to_string() }
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Token {
+    StrLiteral(String),
+    Backtick,
+    Newline,
+    LParen,
+    RParen,
+    LBracket,
+    RBracket,
+    LBrace,
+    RBrace,
+    Period,
+    Comma,
+    Colon,
+    Semicolon,
+    SingleQuote,
+    Identifier(String),
+    Operator(String),
+    NumLiteral(Number),
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Number {
+    IntegerRep(String),
+    FloatRep(String)
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub type AST = Vec<ASTNode>;
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ASTNode {
+    FunctionDefinition(String, Expression),
+    ImportStatement(String),
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Expression {
+
+}
+
+fn tokenize(input: &str) -> Result<Vec<Token>, TokenError> {
+  use self::Token::*;
+  let mut tokens = Vec::new();
+  let mut iter = input.chars().peekable();
+  while let Some(c) = iter.next() {
+    if c == ';' {
+      while let Some(c) = iter.next() {
+        if c == '\n' {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    let cur_tok = match c {
+      c if char::is_whitespace(c) && c != '\n' => continue,
+      '\n' => Newline,
+      '(' => LParen,
+      ')' => RParen,
+      '[' => LBracket,
+      ']' => RBracket,
+      '{' => LBrace,
+      '}' => RBrace,
+      ',' => Comma,
+      ':' => Colon,
+      ';' => Semicolon,
+      '.' => Period,
+      '`' => Backtick,
+      '\'' => SingleQuote,
+      '"' => {
+        let mut buffer = String::new();
+        loop {
+          match iter.next() {
+            Some(x) if x == '"' => break,
+            Some(x) => buffer.push(x),
+            None => return Err(TokenError::new("Unclosed quote")),
+          }
+        }
+        StrLiteral(buffer)
+      }
+      c if c.is_digit(10) => {
+        let mut integer = true;
+        let mut buffer = String::new();
+        buffer.push(c);
+        buffer.extend(iter.peeking_take_while(|x| x.is_digit(10)));
+        if let Some(&'.') = iter.peek() {
+          buffer.push(iter.next().unwrap());
+          integer = false;
+        }
+        buffer.extend(iter.peeking_take_while(|x| x.is_digit(10)));
+        let inner = if integer {
+          Number::IntegerRep(buffer)
+        } else {
+          Number::FloatRep(buffer)
+        };
+        NumLiteral(inner)
+      },
+      c if char::is_alphanumeric(c) => {
+        let mut buffer = String::new();
+        buffer.push(c);
+        buffer.extend(iter.peeking_take_while(|x| char::is_alphanumeric(*x)));
+        Identifier(buffer)
+      },
+      c => {
+        let mut buffer = String::new();
+        buffer.push(c);
+        buffer.extend(iter.peeking_take_while(|x| !char::is_whitespace(*x)));
+        Operator(buffer)
+      }
+    };
+    tokens.push(cur_tok);
+  }
+
+  Ok(tokens)
+}
+
+impl ProgrammingLanguageInterface for Robo {
+  fn get_language_name(&self) -> String {
+    "Robo".to_string()
+  }
+
+  fn get_source_file_suffix(&self) -> String {
+    format!("robo")
+  }
+}
+

rukka/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "rukka-lang"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["greg <greg.shuflin@protonmail.com>"]
+
+[dependencies]
+itertools = "0.5.8"
+take_mut = "0.1.3"
+llvm-sys = "*"
+
+schala-repl = { path = "../schala-repl" }

rukka/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+#![feature(box_patterns)]
+
+extern crate itertools;
+extern crate schala_repl;
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use schala_repl::{ProgrammingLanguageInterface, EvalOptions};
+use std::iter::Peekable;
+use std::vec::IntoIter;
+use std::str::Chars;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+pub struct EvaluatorState {
+  binding_stack: Vec<HashMap<String, Sexp>>
+}
+
+impl EvaluatorState {
+  fn new() -> EvaluatorState {
+    use self::Sexp::Primitive;
+    use self::PrimitiveFn::*;
+    let mut default_map = HashMap::new();
+    default_map.insert(format!("+"), Primitive(Plus));
+    default_map.insert(format!("-"), Primitive(Minus));
+    default_map.insert(format!("*"), Primitive(Mult));
+    default_map.insert(format!("/"), Primitive(Div));
+    default_map.insert(format!("%"), Primitive(Mod));
+    default_map.insert(format!(">"), Primitive(Greater));
+    default_map.insert(format!("<"), Primitive(Less));
+    default_map.insert(format!("<="), Primitive(LessThanOrEqual));
+    default_map.insert(format!(">="), Primitive(GreaterThanOrEqual));
+    default_map.insert(format!("display"), Primitive(Display));
+
+    EvaluatorState {
+      binding_stack: vec![default_map],
+    }
+  }
+  fn set_var(&mut self, var: String, value: Sexp) {
+    let binding = self.binding_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    binding.insert(var, value);
+  }
+  fn get_var(&self, var: &str) -> Option<&Sexp> {
+    for bindings in self.binding_stack.iter().rev() {
+      match bindings.get(var) {
+        Some(x)  => return Some(x),
+        None => (),
+      }
+    }
+    None
+  }
+
+  fn push_env(&mut self) {
+    self.binding_stack.push(HashMap::new());
+  }
+  fn pop_env(&mut self) {
+    self.binding_stack.pop();
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct Rukka {
+  state: EvaluatorState
+}
+
+impl Rukka {
+  pub fn new() -> Rukka { Rukka { state: EvaluatorState::new() } }
+}
+
+impl ProgrammingLanguageInterface for Rukka {
+  fn get_language_name(&self) -> String {
+    "Rukka".to_string()
+  }
+
+  fn get_source_file_suffix(&self) -> String {
+    format!("rukka")
+  }
+}
+
+impl EvaluatorState {
+  fn eval(&mut self, expr: Sexp) -> Result<Sexp, String> {
+    use self::Sexp::*;
+    Ok(match expr {
+      SymbolAtom(ref sym) => match self.get_var(sym) {
+        Some(ref sexp) => {
+          let q: &Sexp = sexp; //WTF? if I delete this line, the copy doesn't work??
+          q.clone() //TODO make this not involve a clone
+        },
+        None => return Err(format!("Variable {} not bound", sym)),
+      },
+      expr @ Primitive(_) => expr,
+      expr @ FnLiteral { .. } => expr,
+      expr @ StringAtom(_) => expr,
+      expr @ NumberAtom(_) => expr,
+      expr @ BoolAtom(_) => expr,
+      Cons(box operator, box operands) => match operator {
+        SymbolAtom(ref sym) if match &sym[..] {
+          "quote" | "eq?" | "cons" | "car" | "cdr" | "atom?" | "define" | "lambda" | "if" | "cond" => true, _ => false
+          } => self.eval_special_form(sym, operands)?,
+        _ => {
+          let evaled = self.eval(operator)?;
+          self.apply(evaled, operands)?
+        }
+      },
+      Nil => Nil,
+    })
+  }
+  fn eval_special_form(&mut self, form: &str, operands: Sexp) -> Result<Sexp, String> {
+    use self::Sexp::*;
+    Ok(match form {
+      "quote" => match operands {
+        Cons(box quoted, box Nil) => quoted,
+        _ => return Err(format!("Bad syntax in quote")),
+      },
+      "eq?" => match operands {//TODO make correct
+        Cons(box lhs, box Cons(box rhs, _)) => BoolAtom(lhs == rhs),
+        _ => BoolAtom(true),
+      },
+      "cons" => match operands {
+        Cons(box cadr, box Cons(box caddr, box Nil)) => {
+          let newl = self.eval(cadr)?;
+          let newr = self.eval(caddr)?;
+          Cons(Box::new(newl), Box::new(newr))
+        },
+        _ => return Err(format!("Bad arguments for cons")),
+      },
+      "car" => match operands {
+        Cons(box car, _) => car,
+        _ => return Err(format!("called car with a non-pair argument")),
+      },
+      "cdr" => match operands {
+        Cons(_, box cdr) => cdr,
+        _ => return Err(format!("called cdr with a non-pair argument")),
+      },
+      "atom?" => match operands {
+        Cons(_, _) => BoolAtom(false),
+        _ => BoolAtom(true),
+      },
+      "define" => match operands {
+        Cons(box SymbolAtom(sym), box Cons(box expr, box Nil)) => {
+          let evaluated = self.eval(expr)?;
+          self.set_var(sym, evaluated);
+          Nil
+        },
+        _ => return Err(format!("Bad assignment")),
+      }
+      "lambda" => match operands {
+        Cons(box mut paramlist, box Cons(box formalexp, box Nil)) => {
+          let mut formal_params = vec![];
+          {
+            let mut ptr = &paramlist;
+            loop {
+              match ptr {
+                &Cons(ref arg, ref rest) => {
+                  if let SymbolAtom(ref sym) = **arg {
+                    formal_params.push(sym.clone());
+                    ptr = rest;
+                  } else {
+                    return Err(format!("Bad lambda format"));
+                  }
+                },
+                _ => break,
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          FnLiteral {
+            formal_params,
+            body: Box::new(formalexp)
+          }
+        },
+        _ => return Err(format!("Bad lambda expression")),
+      },
+      "if" => match operands {
+        Cons(box test, box body) => {
+          let truth_value = test.truthy();
+          match (truth_value, body) {
+            (true, Cons(box consequent, _)) => consequent,
+            (false, Cons(_, box Cons(box alternative, _))) => alternative,
+            _ => return Err(format!("Bad if expression"))
+          }
+        },
+        _ => return Err(format!("Bad if expression"))
+      },
+      s => return Err(format!("Non-existent special form {}; this should never happen", s)),
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn apply(&mut self, function: Sexp, operands: Sexp) -> Result<Sexp, String> {
+    use self::Sexp::*;
+    match function {
+      FnLiteral { formal_params, body } => {
+        self.push_env();
+
+        let mut cur = operands;
+        for param in formal_params {
+          match cur {
+            Cons(box arg, box rest) => {
+              cur = rest;
+              self.set_var(param, arg);
+            },
+            _ => return Err(format!("Bad argument for function application")),
+          }
+        }
+        let result = self.eval(*body);
+        self.pop_env();
+        result
+      },
+      Primitive(prim) => {
+        let mut evaled_operands = Vec::new();
+        let mut cur_operand = operands;
+        loop {
+          match cur_operand {
+            Nil => break,
+            Cons(box l, box rest) => {
+              evaled_operands.push(self.eval(l)?);
+              cur_operand = rest;
+            },
+            _ => return Err(format!("Bad operands list"))
+          }
+        }
+
+        prim.apply(evaled_operands)
+      }
+      _ => return Err(format!("Bad type to apply")),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+fn read(input: &str) -> Result<Vec<Sexp>, String> {
+  let mut chars: Peekable<Chars> = input.chars().peekable();
+  let mut tokens = tokenize(&mut chars).into_iter().peekable();
+  let mut sexps = Vec::new();
+  while let Some(_) = tokens.peek() {
+    sexps.push(parse(&mut tokens)?);
+  }
+  Ok(sexps)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum Token {
+  LParen,
+  RParen,
+  Quote,
+  Word(String),
+  StringLiteral(String),
+  NumLiteral(u64),
+}
+
+//TODO make this notion of Eq more sophisticated
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+enum Sexp {
+  SymbolAtom(String),
+  StringAtom(String),
+  NumberAtom(u64),
+  BoolAtom(bool),
+  Cons(Box<Sexp>, Box<Sexp>),
+  Nil,
+  FnLiteral {
+    formal_params: Vec<String>,
+    body: Box<Sexp>
+  },
+  Primitive(PrimitiveFn)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+enum PrimitiveFn {
+  Plus, Minus, Mult, Div, Mod, Greater, Less, GreaterThanOrEqual, LessThanOrEqual, Display
+}
+
+impl PrimitiveFn {
+  fn apply(&self, evaled_operands: Vec<Sexp>) -> Result<Sexp, String> {
+    use self::Sexp::*;
+    use self::PrimitiveFn::*;
+    let op = self.clone();
+    Ok(match op {
+      Display => {
+        for arg in evaled_operands {
+          print!("{}\n", arg.print());
+        }
+        Nil
+      },
+      Plus | Mult => {
+        let mut result = match op { Plus => 0, Mult => 1, _ => unreachable!() };
+        for arg in evaled_operands {
+          if let NumberAtom(n) = arg {
+            if let Plus = op {
+              result += n;
+            } else if let Mult = op {
+              result *= n;
+            }
+          } else {
+            return Err(format!("Bad operand: {:?}", arg));
+          }
+        }
+        NumberAtom(result)
+      },
+      op => return Err(format!("Primitive op {:?} not implemented", op)),
+    })
+
+  }
+}
+
+impl Sexp {
+  fn print(&self) -> String {
+    use self::Sexp::*;
+    match self {
+      &BoolAtom(true) => format!("#t"),
+      &BoolAtom(false) => format!("#f"),
+      &SymbolAtom(ref sym) => format!("{}", sym),
+      &StringAtom(ref s) => format!("\"{}\"", s),
+      &NumberAtom(ref n) => format!("{}", n),
+      &Cons(ref car, ref cdr) => format!("({} . {})", car.print(), cdr.print()),
+      &Nil => format!("()"),
+      &FnLiteral { ref formal_params, .. } => format!("<lambda {:?}>", formal_params),
+      &Primitive(ref sym) => format!("<primitive \"{:?}\">", sym),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn truthy(&self) -> bool {
+    use self::Sexp::*;
+    match self {
+      &BoolAtom(false) => false,
+      _ => true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+fn tokenize(input: &mut Peekable<Chars>) -> Vec<Token> {
+  use self::Token::*;
+  let mut tokens = Vec::new();
+  loop {
+    match input.next() {
+      None => break,
+      Some('(') => tokens.push(LParen),
+      Some(')') => tokens.push(RParen),
+      Some('\'') => tokens.push(Quote),
+      Some(c) if c.is_whitespace() => continue,
+      Some(c) if c.is_numeric() => {
+        let tok: String = input.peeking_take_while(|next| next.is_numeric()).collect();
+        let n: u64 = format!("{}{}", c, tok).parse().unwrap();
+        tokens.push(NumLiteral(n));
+      },
+      Some('"') => {
+        let string: String = input.scan(false, |escape, cur_char| {
+          let seen_escape = *escape;
+          *escape = cur_char == '\\' && !seen_escape;
+          match (cur_char, seen_escape) {
+            ('"', false) => None,
+            ('\\', false) => Some(None),
+            (c, _) => Some(Some(c))
+          }
+        }).filter_map(|x| x).collect();
+        tokens.push(StringLiteral(string));
+      }
+      Some(c) => {
+        let sym: String = input.peeking_take_while(|next| {
+          match *next {
+            '(' | ')' => false,
+            c if c.is_whitespace() => false,
+            _ => true
+          }
+        }).collect();
+        tokens.push(Word(format!("{}{}", c, sym)));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  tokens
+}
+
+fn parse(tokens: &mut Peekable<IntoIter<Token>>) -> Result<Sexp, String> {
+  use self::Token::*;
+  use self::Sexp::*;
+  match tokens.next() {
+    Some(Word(ref s)) if s == "#f" => Ok(BoolAtom(false)),
+    Some(Word(ref s)) if s == "#t" => Ok(BoolAtom(true)),
+    Some(Word(s)) => Ok(SymbolAtom(s)),
+    Some(StringLiteral(s)) => Ok(StringAtom(s)),
+    Some(LParen) => parse_sexp(tokens),
+    Some(RParen) => Err(format!("Unexpected ')'")),
+    Some(Quote) => {
+      let quoted = parse(tokens)?;
+      Ok(Cons(Box::new(SymbolAtom(format!("quote"))), Box::new(Cons(Box::new(quoted), Box::new(Nil)))))
+    },
+    Some(NumLiteral(n)) => Ok(NumberAtom(n)),
+    None => Err(format!("Unexpected end of input")),
+  }
+}
+
+fn parse_sexp(tokens: &mut Peekable<IntoIter<Token>>) -> Result<Sexp, String> {
+  use self::Token::*;
+  use self::Sexp::*;
+  let mut cell = Nil;
+  {
+    let mut cell_ptr = &mut cell;
+    loop {
+      match tokens.peek() {
+        None => return Err(format!("Unexpected end of input")),
+        Some(&RParen) => {
+          tokens.next();
+          break;
+        },
+        _ => {
+          let current = parse(tokens)?;
+          let new_cdr = Cons(Box::new(current), Box::new(Nil));
+          match cell_ptr {
+            &mut Cons(_, ref mut cdr) => **cdr = new_cdr,
+            &mut Nil => *cell_ptr  = new_cdr,
+            _ => unreachable!()
+          };
+
+          let old_ptr = cell_ptr;
+          let new_ptr: &mut Sexp = match old_ptr { &mut Cons(_, ref mut cdr) => cdr, _ => unreachable!() } as &mut Sexp;
+          cell_ptr = new_ptr;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  Ok(cell)
+}
+

schala-lang/codegen/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "schala-lang-codegen"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["greg <greg.shuflin@protonmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+
+[dependencies]
+syn = { version = "0.15.12", features = ["full", "extra-traits", "fold"] }
+quote = "0.6.8"

schala-lang/codegen/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#![feature(box_patterns)]
+#![recursion_limit="128"]
+extern crate proc_macro;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate quote;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate syn;
+
+use self::proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use self::syn::fold::Fold;
+
+struct RecursiveDescentFn {
+}
+
+impl Fold for RecursiveDescentFn {
+  fn fold_item_fn(&mut self, mut i: syn::ItemFn) -> syn::ItemFn {
+    let box block = i.block;
+    let ref ident = i.ident;
+
+    let new_block: syn::Block = parse_quote! {
+      {
+        let next_token_before_parse = self.token_handler.peek();
+        let record = ParseRecord {
+          production_name: stringify!(#ident).to_string(),
+          next_token: format!("{}", next_token_before_parse.to_string_with_metadata()),
+          level: self.parse_level,
+        };
+        self.parse_level += 1;
+        self.parse_record.push(record);
+        let result = { #block };
+
+        if self.parse_level != 0 {
+          self.parse_level -= 1;
+        }
+
+        result.map_err(|mut parse_error: ParseError| {
+          parse_error.production_name = Some(stringify!(#ident).to_string());
+          parse_error
+        })
+      }
+    };
+    i.block = Box::new(new_block);
+    i
+  }
+}
+
+#[proc_macro_attribute]
+pub fn recursive_descent_method(_attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+
+  let input: syn::ItemFn = parse_macro_input!(item as syn::ItemFn);
+  let mut folder = RecursiveDescentFn {};
+  let output = folder.fold_item_fn(input);
+  TokenStream::from(quote!(#output))
+}

schala-lang/language/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[package]
+name = "schala-lang"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["greg <greg.shuflin@protonmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+itertools = "0.8.0"
+take_mut = "0.2.2"
+maplit = "1.0.1"
+lazy_static = "1.3.0"
+failure = "0.1.5"
+ena = "0.11.0"
+stopwatch = "0.0.7"
+derivative = "1.0.3"
+colored = "1.8"
+radix_trie = "0.1.5"
+
+schala-lang-codegen = { path = "../codegen" }
+schala-repl = { path = "../../schala-repl" }

schala-lang/language/src/ast.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use crate::derivative::Derivative;
+
+mod walker;
+mod visitor;
+mod visitor_test;
+mod operators;
+pub use operators::*;
+pub use visitor::ASTVisitor;
+pub use walker::walk_ast;
+
+/// An abstract identifier for an AST node
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
+pub struct ItemId {
+  idx: u32,
+}
+
+impl ItemId {
+  fn new(n: u32) -> ItemId {
+    ItemId { idx: n }
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct ItemIdStore {
+  last_idx: u32
+}
+
+impl ItemIdStore {
+  pub fn new() -> ItemIdStore {
+    ItemIdStore { last_idx: 0 }
+  }
+  /// Always returns an ItemId with internal value zero
+  #[cfg(test)]
+  pub fn new_id() -> ItemId {
+    ItemId { idx: 0 }
+  }
+
+  /// This limits the size of the AST to 2^32 tree elements
+  pub fn fresh(&mut self) -> ItemId {
+    let idx = self.last_idx;
+    self.last_idx += 1;
+    ItemId::new(idx)
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Derivative, Debug)]
+#[derivative(PartialEq)]
+pub struct AST {
+  #[derivative(PartialEq="ignore")]
+  pub id: ItemId,
+  pub statements: Vec<Statement>
+}
+
+#[derive(Derivative, Debug, Clone)]
+#[derivative(PartialEq)]
+pub struct Statement {
+  #[derivative(PartialEq="ignore")]
+  pub id: ItemId,
+  pub kind: StatementKind,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum StatementKind {
+  Expression(Expression),
+  Declaration(Declaration),
+  Import(ImportSpecifier),
+  Module(ModuleSpecifier),
+}
+
+pub type Block = Vec<Statement>;
+pub type ParamName = Rc<String>;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Derivative, Clone)]
+#[derivative(PartialEq)]
+pub struct QualifiedName {
+  #[derivative(PartialEq="ignore")]
+  pub id: ItemId,
+  pub components: Vec<Rc<String>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct FormalParam {
+  pub name: ParamName,
+  pub default: Option<Expression>,
+  pub anno: Option<TypeIdentifier>
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum Declaration {
+  FuncSig(Signature),
+  FuncDecl(Signature, Block),
+  TypeDecl {
+    name: TypeSingletonName,
+    body: TypeBody,
+    mutable: bool
+  },
+  //TODO this needs to be more sophisticated
+  TypeAlias {
+    alias: Rc<String>,
+    original: Rc<String>,
+  },
+  Binding {
+    name: Rc<String>,
+    constant: bool,
+    type_anno: Option<TypeIdentifier>,
+    expr: Expression,
+  },
+  Impl {
+    type_name: TypeIdentifier,
+    interface_name: Option<TypeSingletonName>,
+    block: Vec<Declaration>,
+  },
+  Interface {
+    name: Rc<String>,
+    signatures: Vec<Signature>
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct Signature {
+  pub name: Rc<String>,
+  pub operator: bool,
+  pub params: Vec<FormalParam>,
+  pub type_anno: Option<TypeIdentifier>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct TypeBody(pub Vec<Variant>);
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum Variant {
+  UnitStruct(Rc<String>),
+  TupleStruct(Rc<String>, Vec<TypeIdentifier>),
+  Record {
+    name: Rc<String>,
+    members: Vec<(Rc<String>, TypeIdentifier)>,
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Derivative, Clone)]
+#[derivative(PartialEq)]
+pub struct Expression {
+  #[derivative(PartialEq="ignore")]
+  pub id: ItemId,
+  pub kind: ExpressionKind,
+  pub type_anno: Option<TypeIdentifier>
+}
+
+impl Expression {
+  pub fn new(id: ItemId, kind: ExpressionKind) -> Expression {
+    Expression { id, kind, type_anno: None }
+  }
+
+  pub fn with_anno(id: ItemId, kind: ExpressionKind, type_anno: TypeIdentifier) -> Expression {
+    Expression { id, kind, type_anno: Some(type_anno) }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum TypeIdentifier {
+  Tuple(Vec<TypeIdentifier>),
+  Singleton(TypeSingletonName)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct TypeSingletonName {
+  pub name: Rc<String>,
+  pub params: Vec<TypeIdentifier>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum ExpressionKind {
+  NatLiteral(u64),
+  FloatLiteral(f64),
+  StringLiteral(Rc<String>),
+  BoolLiteral(bool),
+  BinExp(BinOp, Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
+  PrefixExp(PrefixOp, Box<Expression>),
+  TupleLiteral(Vec<Expression>),
+  Value(QualifiedName),
+  NamedStruct {
+    name: QualifiedName,
+    fields: Vec<(Rc<String>, Expression)>,
+  },
+  Call {
+    f: Box<Expression>,
+    arguments: Vec<InvocationArgument>,
+  },
+  Index {
+    indexee: Box<Expression>,
+    indexers: Vec<Expression>,
+  },
+  IfExpression {
+    discriminator: Option<Box<Expression>>,
+    body: Box<IfExpressionBody>,
+  },
+  WhileExpression {
+    condition: Option<Box<Expression>>,
+    body: Block,
+  },
+  ForExpression {
+    enumerators: Vec<Enumerator>,
+    body: Box<ForBody>,
+  },
+  Lambda {
+    params: Vec<FormalParam>,
+    type_anno: Option<TypeIdentifier>,
+    body: Block,
+  },
+  ListLiteral(Vec<Expression>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum InvocationArgument {
+  Positional(Expression),
+  Keyword {
+    name: Rc<String>,
+    expr: Expression,
+  },
+  Ignored
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum IfExpressionBody {
+  SimpleConditional {
+    then_case: Block,
+    else_case: Option<Block>
+  },
+  SimplePatternMatch {
+    pattern: Pattern,
+    then_case: Block,
+    else_case: Option<Block>
+  },
+  CondList(Vec<ConditionArm>)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct ConditionArm {
+  pub condition: Condition,
+  pub guard: Option<Expression>,
+  pub body: Block,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum Condition {
+  Pattern(Pattern),
+  TruncatedOp(BinOp, Expression),
+  Expression(Expression),
+  Else,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum Pattern {
+  Ignored,
+  TuplePattern(Vec<Pattern>),
+  Literal(PatternLiteral),
+  TupleStruct(QualifiedName, Vec<Pattern>),
+  Record(QualifiedName, Vec<(Rc<String>, Pattern)>),
+  VarOrName(QualifiedName),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum PatternLiteral {
+  NumPattern {
+    neg: bool,
+    num: ExpressionKind,
+  },
+  StringPattern(Rc<String>),
+  BoolPattern(bool),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct Enumerator {
+  pub id: Rc<String>,
+  pub generator: Expression,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum ForBody {
+  MonadicReturn(Expression),
+  StatementBlock(Block),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Derivative, Clone)]
+#[derivative(PartialEq)]
+pub struct ImportSpecifier {
+  #[derivative(PartialEq="ignore")]
+  pub id: ItemId,
+  pub path_components: Vec<Rc<String>>,
+  pub imported_names: ImportedNames
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum ImportedNames {
+  All,
+  LastOfPath,
+  List(Vec<Rc<String>>)
+}
+
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct ModuleSpecifier {
+  pub name: Rc<String>,
+  pub contents: Vec<Statement>,
+}
+

schala-lang/language/src/ast/operators.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use crate::tokenizing::TokenKind;
+use crate::builtin::Builtin;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct PrefixOp {
+  sigil: Rc<String>,
+  pub builtin: Option<Builtin>,
+}
+
+impl PrefixOp {
+  #[allow(dead_code)]
+  pub fn sigil(&self) -> &Rc<String> {
+    &self.sigil
+  }
+  pub fn is_prefix(op: &str) -> bool {
+    match op {
+      "+" => true,
+      "-" => true,
+      "!" => true,
+      _ => false
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for PrefixOp {
+  type Err = ();
+
+  fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+    use Builtin::*;
+
+    let builtin = match s {
+      "+" => Ok(Increment),
+      "-" => Ok(Negate),
+      "!" => Ok(BooleanNot),
+      _ => Err(())
+    };
+
+    builtin.map(|builtin| PrefixOp { sigil: Rc::new(s.to_string()), builtin: Some(builtin) })
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct BinOp {
+  sigil: Rc<String>,
+  pub builtin: Option<Builtin>,
+}
+
+impl BinOp {
+  pub fn from_sigil(sigil: &str) -> BinOp {
+    let builtin = Builtin::from_str(sigil).ok();
+    BinOp { sigil: Rc::new(sigil.to_string()), builtin }
+  }
+  pub fn sigil(&self) -> &Rc<String> {
+    &self.sigil
+  }
+  pub fn from_sigil_token(tok: &TokenKind) -> Option<BinOp> {
+    let s = token_kind_to_sigil(tok)?;
+    Some(BinOp::from_sigil(s))
+  }
+
+  pub fn min_precedence() -> i32 {
+    i32::min_value()
+  }
+  pub fn get_precedence_from_token(op_tok: &TokenKind) -> Option<i32> {
+    let s = token_kind_to_sigil(op_tok)?;
+    Some(binop_precedences(s))
+  }
+}
+
+fn token_kind_to_sigil<'a>(tok: &'a TokenKind) -> Option<&'a str> {
+  use self::TokenKind::*;
+  Some(match tok {
+    Operator(op) => op.as_str(),
+    Period => ".",
+    Pipe => "|",
+    Slash => "/",
+    LAngleBracket => "<",
+    RAngleBracket => ">",
+    Equals => "=",
+    _ => return None
+  })
+}
+
+fn binop_precedences(s: &str) -> i32 {
+  let default = 10_000_000;
+  match s {
+    "+" => 10,
+    "-" => 10,
+    "*" =>  20,
+    "/" =>  20,
+    "%" =>  20,
+    "++" => 30,
+    "^" =>  30,
+    "&" =>  20,
+    "|" => 20,
+    ">" => 20,
+    ">=" => 20,
+    "<" =>  20,
+    "<=" => 20,
+    "==" => 40,
+    "=" =>  10,
+    "<=>" => 30,
+    _ => default,
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/ast/visitor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use crate::ast::*;
+
+//TODO maybe these functions should take closures that return a KeepRecursing | StopHere type,
+//or a tuple of (T, <that type>)
+
+pub trait ASTVisitor: Sized {
+  type BlockHandler: BlockVisitor = ();
+  fn ast(&mut self, _ast: &AST) {}
+  fn block(&mut self) -> Self::BlockHandler { Self::BlockHandler::new() }
+  fn block_finished(&mut self, handler: Self::BlockHandler) {}
+  fn statement(&mut self, _statement: &Statement) {}
+  fn declaration(&mut self, _declaration: &Declaration) {}
+  fn signature(&mut self, _signature: &Signature) {}
+  fn type_declaration(&mut self, _name: &TypeSingletonName, _body: &TypeBody, _mutable: bool) {}
+  fn type_alias(&mut self, _alias: &Rc<String>, _original: &Rc<String>) {}
+  fn binding(&mut self, _name: &Rc<String>, _constant: bool, _type_anno: Option<&TypeIdentifier>, _expr: &Expression) {}
+  fn implemention(&mut self, _type_name: &TypeIdentifier, _interface_name: Option<&TypeSingletonName>, _block: &Vec<Declaration>) {}
+  fn interface(&mut self, _name: &Rc<String>, _signatures: &Vec<Signature>) {}
+  fn expression(&mut self, _expression: &Expression) {}
+  fn expression_kind(&mut self, _kind: &ExpressionKind) {}
+  fn type_annotation(&mut self, _type_anno: Option<&TypeIdentifier>) {}
+  fn named_struct(&mut self, _name: &QualifiedName, _fields: &Vec<(Rc<String>, Expression)>) {}
+  fn call(&mut self, _f: &Expression, _arguments: &Vec<InvocationArgument>) {}
+  fn index(&mut self, _indexee: &Expression, _indexers: &Vec<Expression>) {}
+  fn if_expression(&mut self, _discrim: Option<&Expression>, _body: &IfExpressionBody) {}
+  fn condition_arm(&mut self, _arm: &ConditionArm) {}
+  fn while_expression(&mut self, _condition: Option<&Expression>, _body: &Block) {}
+  fn for_expression(&mut self, _enumerators: &Vec<Enumerator>, _body: &ForBody) {}
+  fn lambda(&mut self, _params: &Vec<FormalParam>, _type_anno: Option<&TypeIdentifier>, _body: &Block) {}
+  fn invocation_argument(&mut self, _arg: &InvocationArgument) {}
+  fn formal_param(&mut self, _param: &FormalParam) {}
+  fn import(&mut self, _import: &ImportSpecifier) {}
+  fn module(&mut self, _module: &ModuleSpecifier) {}
+  fn qualified_name(&mut self, _name: &QualifiedName) {}
+  fn nat_literal(&mut self, _n: u64) {}
+  fn float_literal(&mut self, _f: f64) {}
+  fn string_literal(&mut self, _s: &Rc<String>) {}
+  fn bool_literal(&mut self, _b: bool) {}
+  fn binexp(&mut self, _op: &BinOp, _lhs: &Expression, _rhs: &Expression) {}
+  fn prefix_exp(&mut self, _op: &PrefixOp, _arg: &Expression) {}
+  fn pattern(&mut self, _pat: &Pattern) {}
+}
+
+pub trait BlockVisitor {
+  fn new() -> Self;
+  fn pre_block(&mut self) {}
+  fn post_block(&mut self) {}
+}
+
+impl BlockVisitor for () {
+  fn new() -> () { () }
+}
+
+

schala-lang/language/src/ast/visitor_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#![cfg(test)]
+
+use crate::ast::visitor::ASTVisitor;
+use crate::ast::walker;
+use crate::util::quick_ast;
+
+struct Tester {
+  count: u64,
+  float_count: u64
+}
+
+impl ASTVisitor for Tester {
+  fn nat_literal(&mut self, _n: u64) {
+    self.count += 1;
+  }
+  fn float_literal(&mut self, _f: f64) {
+    self.float_count += 1;
+  }
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn foo() {
+  let mut tester = Tester { count: 0, float_count: 0 };
+  let (ast, _) = quick_ast(r#"
+import gragh
+
+let a = 20 + 84
+let b = 28 + 1 + 2 + 2.0
+fn heh() {
+  let m = 9
+
+}
+
+"#);
+
+  walker::walk_ast(&mut tester, &ast);
+
+  assert_eq!(tester.count, 6);
+  assert_eq!(tester.float_count, 1);
+}

schala-lang/language/src/ast/walker.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use crate::ast::*;
+use crate::ast::visitor::{ASTVisitor, BlockVisitor};
+use crate::util::deref_optional_box;
+
+pub fn walk_ast<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, ast: &AST) {
+  v.ast(ast);
+  walk_block(v, &ast.statements);
+}
+
+fn walk_block<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, block: &Vec<Statement>) {
+  let mut block_handler = v.block();
+  block_handler.pre_block();
+  for s in block {
+    v.statement(s);
+    statement(v, s);
+  }
+  block_handler.post_block();
+  v.block_finished(block_handler);
+}
+
+fn statement<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, statement: &Statement) {
+  use StatementKind::*;
+  match statement.kind {
+    Expression(ref expr) => {
+      v.expression(expr);
+      expression(v, expr);
+    },
+    Declaration(ref decl) => {
+      v.declaration(decl);
+      declaration(v, decl);
+    },
+    Import(ref import_spec) => v.import(import_spec),
+    Module(ref module_spec) => {
+      v.module(module_spec);
+      walk_block(v, &module_spec.contents);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+fn declaration<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, decl: &Declaration) {
+  use Declaration::*;
+  match decl {
+    FuncSig(sig) => {
+      v.signature(&sig);
+      signature(v, &sig);
+    },
+    FuncDecl(sig, block) => {
+      v.signature(&sig);
+      walk_block(v, block);
+    },
+    TypeDecl { name, body, mutable  } => v.type_declaration(name, body, *mutable),
+    TypeAlias { alias, original} => v.type_alias(alias, original), 
+    Binding { name, constant, type_anno, expr } => {
+      v.binding(name, *constant, type_anno.as_ref(), expr);
+      v.type_annotation(type_anno.as_ref());
+      v.expression(&expr);
+      expression(v, &expr);
+    },
+    Impl { type_name, interface_name, block } => {
+      v.implemention(type_name, interface_name.as_ref(), block);
+    }
+    Interface { name, signatures } => v.interface(name, signatures),
+  }
+}
+
+fn signature<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, signature: &Signature) {
+  for p in signature.params.iter() {
+    v.formal_param(p);
+  }
+  v.type_annotation(signature.type_anno.as_ref());
+  for p in signature.params.iter() {
+    formal_param(v, p);
+  }
+}
+
+fn expression<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, expression: &Expression) {
+  v.expression_kind(&expression.kind);
+  v.type_annotation(expression.type_anno.as_ref());
+  expression_kind(v, &expression.kind);
+}
+
+
+fn call<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, f: &Expression, args: &Vec<InvocationArgument>) {
+  v.expression(f);
+  expression(v, f);
+  for arg in args.iter() {
+    v.invocation_argument(arg);
+    invocation_argument(v, arg);
+  }
+}
+
+fn invocation_argument<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, arg: &InvocationArgument) {
+  use InvocationArgument::*;
+  match arg {
+    Positional(expr) => {
+      v.expression(expr);
+      expression(v, expr);
+    },
+    Keyword { expr, .. } => {
+      v.expression(expr);
+      expression(v, expr);
+    },
+    Ignored => (),
+  }
+}
+
+fn index<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, indexee: &Expression, indexers: &Vec<Expression>) {
+  v.expression(indexee);
+  for i in indexers.iter() {
+    v.expression(i);
+  }
+}
+
+fn named_struct<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, n: &QualifiedName, fields: &Vec<(Rc<String>, Expression)>) {
+  v.qualified_name(n);
+  for (_, expr) in fields.iter() {
+    v.expression(expr);
+  }
+}
+
+fn lambda<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, params: &Vec<FormalParam>, type_anno: Option<&TypeIdentifier>, body: &Block) {
+  for param in params {
+    v.formal_param(param);
+    formal_param(v, param);
+  }
+  v.type_annotation(type_anno);
+  walk_block(v, body);
+}
+
+fn formal_param<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, param: &FormalParam) {
+  param.default.as_ref().map(|p| {
+    v.expression(p);
+    expression(v, p);
+  });
+  v.type_annotation(param.anno.as_ref());
+}
+
+fn expression_kind<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, expression_kind: &ExpressionKind) {
+  use ExpressionKind::*;
+  match expression_kind {
+    NatLiteral(n) => v.nat_literal(*n),
+    FloatLiteral(f) => v.float_literal(*f),
+    StringLiteral(s) => v.string_literal(s),
+    BoolLiteral(b) => v.bool_literal(*b),
+    BinExp(op, lhs, rhs) => {
+      v.binexp(op, lhs, rhs);
+      expression(v, lhs);
+      expression(v, rhs);
+    },
+    PrefixExp(op, arg) => {
+      v.prefix_exp(op, arg);
+      expression(v, arg);
+    }
+    TupleLiteral(exprs) => {
+      for expr in exprs {
+        v.expression(expr);
+        expression(v, expr);
+      }
+    },
+    Value(name) => v.qualified_name(name),
+    NamedStruct { name, fields } => {
+      v.named_struct(name, fields);
+      named_struct(v, name, fields);
+    }
+    Call { f, arguments } => {
+      v.call(f, arguments);
+      call(v, f, arguments);
+    },
+    Index { indexee, indexers } => {
+      v.index(indexee, indexers);
+      index(v, indexee, indexers);
+    },
+    IfExpression { discriminator, body } => {
+      v.if_expression(deref_optional_box(discriminator), body);
+      discriminator.as_ref().map(|d| expression(v, d));
+      if_expression_body(v, body);
+    },
+    WhileExpression { condition, body } => v.while_expression(deref_optional_box(condition), body),
+    ForExpression { enumerators, body } => v.for_expression(enumerators, body),
+    Lambda { params , type_anno, body } => {
+      v.lambda(params, type_anno.as_ref(), body);
+      lambda(v, params, type_anno.as_ref(), body);
+    },
+    ListLiteral(exprs) => {
+      for expr in exprs {
+        v.expression(expr);
+        expression(v, expr);
+      }
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+fn if_expression_body<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, body: &IfExpressionBody) {
+  use IfExpressionBody::*;
+  match body {
+    SimpleConditional { then_case, else_case } => {
+      walk_block(v, then_case);
+      else_case.as_ref().map(|block| walk_block(v, block));
+    },
+    SimplePatternMatch { pattern, then_case, else_case } => {
+      v.pattern(pattern);
+      walk_pattern(v, pattern);
+      walk_block(v, then_case);
+      else_case.as_ref().map(|block| walk_block(v, block));
+    },
+    CondList(arms) => {
+      for arm in arms {
+        v.condition_arm(arm);
+        condition_arm(v, arm);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+fn condition_arm<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, arm: &ConditionArm) {
+  use Condition::*;
+  v.condition_arm(arm);
+  match arm.condition {
+    Pattern(ref pat) => {
+      v.pattern(pat);
+      walk_pattern(v, pat);
+    },
+    TruncatedOp(ref _binop, ref expr) => {
+      v.expression(expr);
+      expression(v, expr);
+    },
+    Expression(ref expr) => {
+      v.expression(expr);
+      expression(v, expr);
+    },
+    _ => ()
+  }
+  arm.guard.as_ref().map(|guard| {
+    v.expression(guard);
+    expression(v, guard);
+  });
+  walk_block(v, &arm.body);
+}
+
+fn walk_pattern<V: ASTVisitor>(v: &mut V, pat: &Pattern) {
+  use Pattern::*;
+  match pat {
+    TuplePattern(patterns) => {
+      for pat in patterns {
+        v.pattern(pat);
+        walk_pattern(v, pat);
+      }
+    },
+    TupleStruct(qualified_name, patterns) => {
+      v.qualified_name(qualified_name);
+      for pat in patterns {
+        v.pattern(pat);
+        walk_pattern(v, pat);
+      }
+    },
+    Record(qualified_name, name_and_patterns) => {
+      v.qualified_name(qualified_name);
+      for (_, pat) in name_and_patterns {
+        v.pattern(pat);
+        walk_pattern(v, pat);
+      }
+    },
+    VarOrName(qualified_name) => {
+      v.qualified_name(qualified_name);
+    },
+    _ => ()
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/builtin.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use crate::typechecking::{TypeConst, Type};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Builtin {
+  Add,
+  Increment,
+  Subtract,
+  Negate,
+  Multiply,
+  Divide,
+  Quotient,
+  Modulo,
+  Exponentiation,
+  BitwiseAnd,
+  BitwiseOr,
+  BooleanAnd,
+  BooleanOr,
+  BooleanNot,
+  Equality,
+  LessThan,
+  LessThanOrEqual,
+  GreaterThan,
+  GreaterThanOrEqual,
+  Comparison,
+  FieldAccess,
+  IOPrint,
+  IOPrintLn,
+  IOGetLine,
+  Assignment,
+  Concatenate,
+}
+
+impl Builtin {
+  pub fn get_type(&self) -> Type {
+    use Builtin::*;
+    match self {
+      Add => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Nat),
+      Subtract => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Nat),
+      Multiply => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Nat),
+      Divide => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Float),
+      Quotient => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Nat),
+      Modulo => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Nat),
+      Exponentiation => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Nat),
+      BitwiseAnd => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Nat),
+      BitwiseOr => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Nat),
+      BooleanAnd => ty!(Bool -> Bool -> Bool),
+      BooleanOr => ty!(Bool -> Bool -> Bool),
+      BooleanNot => ty!(Bool -> Bool),
+      Equality => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Bool),
+      LessThan => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Bool),
+      LessThanOrEqual => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Bool),
+      GreaterThan => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Bool),
+      GreaterThanOrEqual => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Bool),
+      Comparison => ty!(Nat -> Nat -> Ordering),
+      FieldAccess => ty!(Unit),
+      IOPrint => ty!(Unit),
+      IOPrintLn => ty!(Unit) ,
+      IOGetLine => ty!(StringT),
+      Assignment => ty!(Unit),
+      Concatenate => ty!(StringT -> StringT -> StringT),
+      Increment => ty!(Nat -> Int),
+      Negate => ty!(Nat -> Int)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Builtin {
+  type Err = ();
+
+  fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+    use Builtin::*;
+    Ok(match s {
+      "+" => Add,
+      "-" => Subtract,
+      "*" => Multiply,
+      "/" => Divide,
+      "quot" => Quotient,
+      "%" => Modulo,
+      "++" => Concatenate,
+      "^" =>  Exponentiation,
+      "&" => BitwiseAnd,
+      "&&" => BooleanAnd,
+      "|" => BitwiseOr,
+      "||" => BooleanOr,
+      "!" => BooleanNot,
+      ">" => GreaterThan,
+      ">=" => GreaterThanOrEqual,
+      "<" => LessThan,
+      "<=" => LessThanOrEqual,
+      "==" => Equality,
+      "=" => Assignment,
+      "<=>" => Comparison,
+      "." => FieldAccess,
+      "print" => IOPrint,
+      "println" => IOPrintLn,
+      "getline" => IOGetLine,
+      _ => return Err(())
+    })
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/debugging.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use crate::ast::*;
+
+impl AST {
+  pub fn compact_debug(&self) -> String {
+    format!("{:?}", self)
+  }
+  pub fn expanded_debug(&self) -> String {
+    format!("{:#?}", self)
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/eval.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::fmt::Write;
+use std::io;
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use crate::schala::SymbolTableHandle;
+use crate::util::ScopeStack;
+use crate::reduced_ast::{BoundVars, ReducedAST, Stmt, Expr, Lit, Func, Alternative, Subpattern};
+use crate::symbol_table::{SymbolSpec, Symbol, SymbolTable, FullyQualifiedSymbolName};
+use crate::builtin::Builtin;
+
+mod test;
+
+pub struct State<'a> {
+  values: ScopeStack<'a, Rc<String>, ValueEntry>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> State<'a> {
+  pub fn new() -> State<'a> {
+    let values = ScopeStack::new(Some(format!("global")));
+    State { values }
+  }
+
+  pub fn debug_print(&self) -> String {
+    format!("Values: {:?}", self.values)
+  }
+
+  fn new_frame(&'a self, items: &'a Vec<Node>, bound_vars: &BoundVars) -> State<'a> {
+    let mut inner_state = State {
+      values: self.values.new_scope(None),
+    };
+    for (bound_var, val) in bound_vars.iter().zip(items.iter()) {
+      if let Some(bv) = bound_var.as_ref() {
+        inner_state.values.insert(bv.clone(), ValueEntry::Binding { constant: true, val: val.clone() });
+      }
+    }
+    inner_state
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum Node {
+  Expr(Expr),
+  PrimObject {
+    name: Rc<String>,
+    tag: usize,
+    items: Vec<Node>,
+  },
+  PrimTuple {
+    items: Vec<Node>
+  }
+}
+
+fn paren_wrapped_vec(terms: impl Iterator<Item=String>) -> String {
+  let mut buf = String::new();
+  write!(buf, "(").unwrap();
+  for term in terms.map(|e| Some(e)).intersperse(None) {
+    match term {
+      Some(e) => write!(buf, "{}", e).unwrap(),
+      None => write!(buf, ", ").unwrap(),
+    };
+  }
+  write!(buf, ")").unwrap();
+  buf
+}
+
+
+impl Node {
+  fn to_repl(&self) -> String {
+    match self {
+      Node::Expr(e) => e.to_repl(),
+      Node::PrimObject { name, items, .. } if items.len() == 0 => format!("{}", name),
+      Node::PrimObject { name, items, .. } => format!("{}{}", name, paren_wrapped_vec(items.iter().map(|x| x.to_repl()))),
+      Node::PrimTuple { items } => format!("{}", paren_wrapped_vec(items.iter().map(|x| x.to_repl()))),
+    }
+  }
+  fn is_true(&self) -> bool {
+    match self {
+      Node::Expr(Expr::Lit(crate::reduced_ast::Lit::Bool(true))) => true,
+      _ => false,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum ValueEntry {
+  Binding {
+    constant: bool,
+    val: /*FullyEvaluatedExpr*/ Node, //TODO make this use a subtype to represent fully evaluatedness
+  }
+}
+
+type EvalResult<T> = Result<T, String>;
+
+impl Expr {
+  fn to_node(self) -> Node {
+    Node::Expr(self)
+  }
+  fn to_repl(&self) -> String {
+    use self::Lit::*;
+    use self::Func::*;
+
+    match self {
+      Expr::Lit(ref l) => match l {
+        Nat(n) => format!("{}", n),
+        Int(i) => format!("{}", i),
+        Float(f) => format!("{}", f),
+        Bool(b) => format!("{}", b),
+        StringLit(s) => format!("\"{}\"", s),
+      },
+      Expr::Func(f) => match f {
+        BuiltIn(builtin) => format!("<built-in function '{:?}'>", builtin),
+        UserDefined { name: None, .. } => format!("<function>"),
+        UserDefined { name: Some(name), .. } => format!("<function '{}'>", name),
+      },
+      Expr::Constructor { type_name, arity, .. } => {
+        format!("<constructor for `{}` arity {}>", type_name, arity)
+      },
+      Expr::Tuple(exprs) => paren_wrapped_vec(exprs.iter().map(|x| x.to_repl())),
+      _ => format!("{:?}", self),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn replace_conditional_target_sigil(self, replacement: &Expr) -> Expr {
+    use self::Expr::*;
+
+    match self {
+      ConditionalTargetSigilValue => replacement.clone(),
+      Unit | Lit(_) | Func(_) | Sym(_) | Constructor { .. } |
+       CaseMatch { .. } | UnimplementedSigilValue | ReductionError(_) => self,
+      Tuple(exprs) => Tuple(exprs.into_iter().map(|e| e.replace_conditional_target_sigil(replacement)).collect()),
+      Call { f, args } => {
+        let new_args = args.into_iter().map(|e| e.replace_conditional_target_sigil(replacement)).collect();
+        Call { f, args: new_args }
+      },
+      Conditional { .. } => panic!("Dunno if I need this, but if so implement"),
+      Assign { .. } => panic!("I'm pretty sure I don't need this"),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<'a> State<'a> {
+  pub fn evaluate(&mut self, ast: ReducedAST, repl: bool) -> Vec<Result<String, String>> {
+    let mut acc = vec![];
+
+    // handle prebindings
+    for statement in ast.0.iter() {
+      self.prebinding(statement);
+    }
+
+    for statement in ast.0 {
+      match self.statement(statement) {
+        Ok(Some(ref output)) if repl => {
+          acc.push(Ok(output.to_repl()))
+        },
+        Ok(_) => (),
+        Err(error) => {
+          acc.push(Err(format!("Runtime error: {}", error)));
+          return acc;
+        },
+      }
+    }
+    acc
+  }
+
+  fn prebinding(&mut self, stmt: &Stmt) {
+    match stmt {
+      Stmt::PreBinding { name, func } => {
+        let v_entry = ValueEntry::Binding { constant: true, val: Node::Expr(Expr::Func(func.clone())) };
+        self.values.insert(name.clone(), v_entry);
+      },
+      Stmt::Expr(_expr) => {
+        //TODO have this support things like nested function defs
+
+      },
+      _ => ()
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn statement(&mut self, stmt: Stmt) -> EvalResult<Option<Node>> {
+    match stmt {
+      Stmt::Binding { name, constant, expr } => {
+        let val = self.expression(Node::Expr(expr))?;
+        self.values.insert(name.clone(), ValueEntry::Binding { constant, val });
+        Ok(None)
+      },
+      Stmt::Expr(expr) => Ok(Some(self.expression(expr.to_node())?)),
+      Stmt::PreBinding {..} | Stmt::Noop => Ok(None),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn block(&mut self, stmts: Vec<Stmt>) -> EvalResult<Node> {
+    let mut ret = None;
+    for stmt in stmts {
+      ret = self.statement(stmt)?;
+    }
+    Ok(ret.unwrap_or(Node::Expr(Expr::Unit)))
+  }
+
+  fn expression(&mut self, node: Node) -> EvalResult<Node> {
+    use self::Expr::*;
+    match node {
+      t @ Node::PrimTuple { .. } => Ok(t),
+      obj @ Node::PrimObject { .. } =>  Ok(obj),
+      Node::Expr(expr) => match expr {
+        literal @ Lit(_) => Ok(Node::Expr(literal)),
+        Call { box f, args } => self.call_expression(f, args),
+        Sym(name) => Ok(match self.values.lookup(&name) {
+          Some(ValueEntry::Binding { val, .. }) => val.clone(),
+          None => return Err(format!("Could not look up symbol {}", name))
+        }),
+        Constructor { arity, ref name, tag, .. } if arity == 0 => Ok(Node::PrimObject { name: name.clone(), tag, items: vec![] }),
+        constructor @ Constructor { .. } => Ok(Node::Expr(constructor)),
+        func @ Func(_) => Ok(Node::Expr(func)),
+        Tuple(exprs) => {
+          let nodes = exprs.into_iter().map(|expr| self.expression(Node::Expr(expr))).collect::<Result<Vec<Node>,_>>()?;
+          Ok(Node::PrimTuple { items: nodes })
+        },
+        Conditional { box cond, then_clause, else_clause } => self.conditional(cond, then_clause, else_clause),
+        Assign { box val, box expr } => self.assign_expression(val, expr),
+        Unit => Ok(Node::Expr(Unit)),
+        CaseMatch { box cond, alternatives } => self.case_match_expression(cond, alternatives),
+        ConditionalTargetSigilValue => Ok(Node::Expr(ConditionalTargetSigilValue)),
+        UnimplementedSigilValue => Err(format!("Sigil value eval not implemented")),
+        ReductionError(err) => Err(format!("Reduction error: {}", err)),
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn call_expression(&mut self, f: Expr, args: Vec<Expr>) -> EvalResult<Node> {
+    use self::Expr::*;
+    match self.expression(Node::Expr(f))? {
+      Node::Expr(Constructor { type_name, name, tag, arity }) => self.apply_data_constructor(type_name, name, tag, arity, args),
+      Node::Expr(Func(f)) => self.apply_function(f, args),
+      other => return Err(format!("Tried to call {:?} which is not a function or data constructor", other)),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn apply_data_constructor(&mut self, _type_name: Rc<String>, name: Rc<String>, tag: usize, arity: usize, args: Vec<Expr>) -> EvalResult<Node> {
+    if arity != args.len() {
+      return Err(format!("Data constructor {} requires {} arg(s)", name, arity));
+    }
+
+    let evaled_args = args.into_iter().map(|expr| self.expression(Node::Expr(expr))).collect::<Result<Vec<Node>,_>>()?;
+    //let evaled_args = vec![];
+    Ok(Node::PrimObject {
+      name: name.clone(),
+      items: evaled_args,
+      tag 
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn apply_function(&mut self, f: Func, args: Vec<Expr>) -> EvalResult<Node> {
+    match f {
+      Func::BuiltIn(builtin) => Ok(self.apply_builtin(builtin, args)?),
+      Func::UserDefined { params, body, name } => {
+
+        if params.len() != args.len() {
+          return Err(format!("calling a {}-argument function with {} args", params.len(), args.len()))
+        }
+        let mut func_state = State {
+          values: self.values.new_scope(name.map(|n| format!("{}", n))),
+        };
+        for (param, val) in params.into_iter().zip(args.into_iter()) {
+          let val = func_state.expression(Node::Expr(val))?;
+          func_state.values.insert(param, ValueEntry::Binding { constant: true, val });
+        }
+        // TODO figure out function return semantics
+        func_state.block(body)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn apply_builtin(&mut self, builtin: Builtin, args: Vec<Expr>) -> EvalResult<Node> {
+    use self::Expr::*;
+    use self::Lit::*;
+    use Builtin::*;
+
+    let evaled_args: Result<Vec<Node>, String> = args.into_iter().map(|arg| self.expression(arg.to_node()))
+      .collect();
+    let evaled_args = evaled_args?;
+
+    Ok(match (builtin, evaled_args.as_slice()) {
+      (FieldAccess, &[Node::PrimObject { .. }]) => {
+        //TODO implement field access
+        unimplemented!()
+      },
+      (binop, &[Node::Expr(ref lhs), Node::Expr(ref rhs)]) => match (binop, lhs, rhs) {
+        /* binops */
+        (Add, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Nat(l + r)),
+        (Concatenate, Lit(StringLit(ref s1)), Lit(StringLit(ref s2))) => Lit(StringLit(Rc::new(format!("{}{}", s1, s2)))),
+        (Subtract, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Nat(l - r)),
+        (Multiply, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Nat(l * r)),
+        (Divide, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Float((*l as f64)/ (*r as f64))),
+        (Quotient, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => if *r == 0 {
+          return Err(format!("divide by zero"));
+        } else {
+          Lit(Nat(l / r))
+        },
+        (Modulo, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Nat(l % r)),
+        (Exponentiation, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Nat(l ^ r)),
+        (BitwiseAnd, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Nat(l & r)),
+        (BitwiseOr, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Nat(l | r)),
+
+        /* comparisons */
+        (Equality, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Bool(l == r)),
+        (Equality, Lit(Int(l)), Lit(Int(r))) => Lit(Bool(l == r)),
+        (Equality, Lit(Float(l)), Lit(Float(r))) => Lit(Bool(l == r)),
+        (Equality, Lit(Bool(l)), Lit(Bool(r))) => Lit(Bool(l == r)),
+        (Equality, Lit(StringLit(ref l)), Lit(StringLit(ref r))) => Lit(Bool(l == r)),
+
+        (LessThan, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Bool(l < r)),
+        (LessThan, Lit(Int(l)), Lit(Int(r))) => Lit(Bool(l < r)),
+        (LessThan, Lit(Float(l)), Lit(Float(r))) => Lit(Bool(l < r)),
+
+        (LessThanOrEqual, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Bool(l <= r)),
+        (LessThanOrEqual, Lit(Int(l)), Lit(Int(r))) => Lit(Bool(l <= r)),
+        (LessThanOrEqual, Lit(Float(l)), Lit(Float(r))) => Lit(Bool(l <= r)),
+
+        (GreaterThan, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Bool(l > r)),
+        (GreaterThan, Lit(Int(l)), Lit(Int(r))) => Lit(Bool(l > r)),
+        (GreaterThan, Lit(Float(l)), Lit(Float(r))) => Lit(Bool(l > r)),
+
+        (GreaterThanOrEqual, Lit(Nat(l)), Lit(Nat(r))) => Lit(Bool(l >= r)),
+        (GreaterThanOrEqual, Lit(Int(l)), Lit(Int(r))) => Lit(Bool(l >= r)),
+        (GreaterThanOrEqual, Lit(Float(l)), Lit(Float(r))) => Lit(Bool(l >= r)),
+        _ => return Err("No valid binop".to_string())
+      }.to_node(),
+      (prefix, &[Node::Expr(ref arg)]) => match (prefix, arg) {
+        (BooleanNot, Lit(Bool(true))) => Lit(Bool(false)),
+        (BooleanNot, Lit(Bool(false))) => Lit(Bool(true)),
+        (Negate, Lit(Nat(n))) => Lit(Int(-1*(*n as i64))),
+        (Negate, Lit(Int(n))) => Lit(Int(-1*(*n as i64))),
+        (Increment, Lit(Int(n))) => Lit(Int(*n)),
+        (Increment, Lit(Nat(n))) => Lit(Nat(*n)),
+        _ => return Err("No valid prefix op".to_string())
+      }.to_node(),
+
+      /* builtin functions */
+      (IOPrint, &[ref anything]) => {
+        print!("{}", anything.to_repl());
+        Expr::Unit.to_node()
+      },
+      (IOPrintLn, &[ref anything]) => {
+        println!("{}", anything.to_repl());
+        Expr::Unit.to_node()
+      },
+      (IOGetLine, &[]) => {
+        let mut buf = String::new();
+        io::stdin().read_line(&mut buf).expect("Error readling line in 'getline'");
+        Lit(StringLit(Rc::new(buf.trim().to_string()))).to_node()
+      },
+      (x, args) => return Err(format!("bad or unimplemented builtin {:?} | {:?}", x, args)),
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn conditional(&mut self, cond: Expr, then_clause: Vec<Stmt>, else_clause: Vec<Stmt>) -> EvalResult<Node> {
+    let cond = self.expression(Node::Expr(cond))?;
+    Ok(match cond {
+      Node::Expr(Expr::Lit(Lit::Bool(true))) =>  self.block(then_clause)?,
+      Node::Expr(Expr::Lit(Lit::Bool(false))) => self.block(else_clause)?,
+      _ => return Err(format!("Conditional with non-boolean condition"))
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn assign_expression(&mut self, val: Expr, expr: Expr) -> EvalResult<Node> {
+    let name = match val  {
+      Expr::Sym(name) => name,
+      _ => return Err(format!("Trying to assign to a non-value")),
+    };
+
+    let constant = match self.values.lookup(&name) {
+      None => return Err(format!("Constant {} is undefined", name)),
+      Some(ValueEntry::Binding { constant, .. }) => constant.clone(),
+    };
+    if constant {
+      return Err(format!("trying to update {}, a non-mutable binding", name));
+    }
+    let val = self.expression(Node::Expr(expr))?;
+    self.values.insert(name.clone(), ValueEntry::Binding { constant: false, val });
+    Ok(Node::Expr(Expr::Unit))
+  }
+
+  fn guard_passes(&mut self, guard: &Option<Expr>, cond: &Node) -> EvalResult<bool> {
+    if let Some(ref guard_expr) = guard {
+      let guard_expr = match cond {
+        Node::Expr(ref e) => guard_expr.clone().replace_conditional_target_sigil(e),
+        _ => guard_expr.clone()
+      };
+      Ok(self.expression(guard_expr.to_node())?.is_true())
+    } else {
+      Ok(true)
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn case_match_expression(&mut self, cond: Expr, alternatives: Vec<Alternative>) -> EvalResult<Node> {
+
+    //TODO need to handle recursive subpatterns
+    let all_subpatterns_pass = |state: &mut State, subpatterns: &Vec<Option<Subpattern>>, items: &Vec<Node>| -> EvalResult<bool> {
+
+      if subpatterns.len() == 0 {
+        return Ok(true)
+      }
+
+      if items.len() != subpatterns.len() {
+        return Err(format!("Subpattern length isn't correct items {} subpatterns {}", items.len(), subpatterns.len()));
+      }
+
+      for (maybe_subp, cond) in subpatterns.iter().zip(items.iter()) {
+        if let Some(subp) = maybe_subp {
+          if !state.guard_passes(&subp.guard, &cond)? {
+            return Ok(false)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      Ok(true)
+    };
+
+    let cond = self.expression(Node::Expr(cond))?;
+    for alt in alternatives {
+      // no matter what type of condition we have, ignore alternative if the guard evaluates false
+      if !self.guard_passes(&alt.matchable.guard, &cond)? {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      match cond {
+        Node::PrimObject { ref tag, ref items, .. } => {
+          if alt.matchable.tag.map(|t| t == *tag).unwrap_or(true) {
+            let mut inner_state = self.new_frame(items, &alt.matchable.bound_vars);
+            if all_subpatterns_pass(&mut inner_state, &alt.matchable.subpatterns, items)? {
+              return inner_state.block(alt.item);
+            } else {
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        Node::PrimTuple { ref items } =>  {
+          let mut inner_state = self.new_frame(items, &alt.matchable.bound_vars);
+          if all_subpatterns_pass(&mut inner_state, &alt.matchable.subpatterns, items)? {
+            return inner_state.block(alt.item);
+          } else {
+            continue;
+          }
+        },
+        Node::Expr(ref _e) => {
+          if let None = alt.matchable.tag {
+            return self.block(alt.item)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    Err(format!("{:?} failed pattern match", cond))
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/eval/test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+#![cfg(test)]
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use crate::symbol_table::SymbolTable;
+use crate::scope_resolution::ScopeResolver;
+use crate::reduced_ast::reduce;
+use crate::eval::State;
+
+fn evaluate_all_outputs(input: &str) -> Vec<Result<String, String>> {
+  let (mut ast, source_map) = crate::util::quick_ast(input);
+  let source_map = Rc::new(RefCell::new(source_map));
+  let symbol_table = Rc::new(RefCell::new(SymbolTable::new(source_map)));
+  symbol_table.borrow_mut().add_top_level_symbols(&ast).unwrap();
+  {
+  let mut scope_resolver = ScopeResolver::new(symbol_table.clone());
+  let _ = scope_resolver.resolve(&mut ast);
+  }
+
+  let reduced = reduce(&ast, &symbol_table.borrow());
+  let mut state = State::new();
+  let all_output = state.evaluate(reduced, true);
+  all_output
+}
+
+macro_rules! test_in_fresh_env {
+  ($string:expr, $correct:expr) => {
+    {
+      let all_output = evaluate_all_outputs($string);
+      let ref output = all_output.last().unwrap();
+      assert_eq!(**output, Ok($correct.to_string()));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_basic_eval() {
+  test_in_fresh_env!("1 + 2", "3");
+  test_in_fresh_env!("let mut a = 1; a = 2", "Unit");
+  /*
+     test_in_fresh_env!("let mut a = 1; a = 2; a", "2");
+     test_in_fresh_env!(r#"("a", 1 + 2)"#, r#"("a", 3)"#);
+     */
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn op_eval() {
+  test_in_fresh_env!("- 13", "-13");
+  test_in_fresh_env!("10 - 2", "8");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn function_eval() {
+  test_in_fresh_env!("fn oi(x) { x + 1 }; oi(4)", "5");
+  test_in_fresh_env!("fn oi(x) { x + 1 }; oi(1+2)", "4");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scopes() {
+  let scope_ok = r#"
+    let a = 20
+    fn haha() {
+      let a = 10
+      a
+    }
+    haha()
+    "#;
+    test_in_fresh_env!(scope_ok, "10");
+    let scope_ok = r#"
+    let a = 20
+    fn queque() {
+      let a = 10
+      a
+    }
+    a
+    "#;
+    test_in_fresh_env!(scope_ok, "20");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn if_is_patterns() {
+  let source = r#"
+type Option<T> = Some(T) | None
+let x = Option::Some(9); if x is Option::Some(q) then { q } else { 0 }"#;
+  test_in_fresh_env!(source, "9");
+
+  let source = r#"
+type Option<T> = Some(T) | None
+let x = Option::None; if x is Option::Some(q) then { q } else { 0 }"#;
+  test_in_fresh_env!(source, "0");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn full_if_matching() {
+  let source = r#"
+type Option<T> = Some(T) | None
+let a = Option::None
+if a { is Option::None then 4, is Option::Some(x) then x }
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, "4");
+
+let source = r#"
+type Option<T> = Some(T) | None
+let a = Option::Some(99)
+if a { is Option::None then 4, is Option::Some(x) then x }
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, "99");
+
+let source = r#"
+let a = 10
+if a { is 10 then "x", is 4 then "y" }
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, "\"x\"");
+
+let source = r#"
+let a = 10
+if a { is 15 then "x", is 10 then "y" }
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, "\"y\"");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn string_pattern() {
+  let source = r#"
+let a = "foo"
+if a { is "foo" then "x", is _ then "y" }
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, "\"x\"");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn boolean_pattern() {
+  let source = r#"
+let a = true
+if a {
+  is true then "x",
+  is false then "y"
+}
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, "\"x\"");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn boolean_pattern_2() {
+  let source = r#"
+let a = false
+if a { is true then "x", is false then "y" }
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, "\"y\"");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_pattern() {
+  let source = r#"
+type Option<T> = Some(T) | None
+if Option::Some(10) {
+  is _ then "hella"
+}
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, "\"hella\"");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tuple_pattern() {
+  let source = r#"
+if (1, 2) {
+  is (1, x) then x,
+  is _ then 99
+}
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, 2);
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn tuple_pattern_2() {
+  let source = r#"
+if (1, 2) {
+  is (10, x) then x,
+  is (y, x) then x + y
+}
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, 3);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tuple_pattern_3() {
+  let source = r#"
+if (1, 5) {
+  is (10, x) then x,
+  is (1, x) then x
+}
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, 5);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tuple_pattern_4() {
+  let source = r#"
+if (1, 5) {
+  is (10, x) then x,
+  is (1, x) then x,
+}
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, 5);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn  prim_obj_pattern() {
+  let source = r#"
+type Stuff = Mulch(Nat) | Jugs(Nat, String) | Mardok
+let a = Stuff::Mulch(20)
+let b = Stuff::Jugs(1, "haha")
+let c = Stuff::Mardok
+
+let x = if a {
+  is Stuff::Mulch(20) then "x",
+  is _ then "ERR"
+}
+
+let y = if b {
+  is Stuff::Mulch(n) then "ERR",
+  is Stuff::Jugs(2, _) then "ERR",
+  is Stuff::Jugs(1, s) then s,
+  is _ then "ERR",
+}
+
+let z = if c {
+  is Stuff::Jugs(_, _) then "ERR",
+  is Stuff::Mardok then "NIGH",
+  is _ then "ERR",
+}
+
+(x, y, z)
+"#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, r#"("x", "haha", "NIGH")"#);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn basic_lambda_syntax() {
+  let source = r#"
+let q = \(x, y) { x * y }
+let x = q(5,2)
+let y = \(m, n, o) { m + n + o }(1,2,3)
+(x, y)
+  "#;
+test_in_fresh_env!(source, r"(10, 6)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lambda_syntax_2() {
+  let source = r#"
+fn milta() {
+  \(x) { x + 33 }
+}
+milta()(10)
+  "#;
+  test_in_fresh_env!(source, "43");
+  }
+
+#[test]
+fn import_all() {
+  let source = r#"
+type Option<T> = Some(T) | None
+import Option::*
+let x = Some(9); if x is Some(q) then { q } else { 0 }"#;
+  test_in_fresh_env!(source, "9");
+}

schala-lang/language/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#![feature(associated_type_defaults)] //needed for Visitor trait
+#![feature(trace_macros)]
+#![feature(slice_patterns, box_patterns, box_syntax)]
+
+//! `schala-lang` is where the Schala programming language is actually implemented. 
+//! It defines the `Schala` type, which contains the state for a Schala REPL, and implements
+//! `ProgrammingLanguageInterface` and the chain of compiler passes for it.
+
+extern crate itertools;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate lazy_static;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate maplit;
+extern crate schala_repl;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate schala_lang_codegen;
+extern crate ena;
+extern crate derivative;
+extern crate colored;
+extern crate radix_trie;
+
+
+macro_rules! bx {
+  ($e:expr) => { Box::new($e) }
+}
+
+#[macro_use]
+mod util;
+#[macro_use]
+mod typechecking;
+mod debugging;
+
+mod tokenizing;
+mod ast;
+mod parsing;
+#[macro_use]
+mod symbol_table;
+mod scope_resolution;
+mod builtin;
+mod reduced_ast;
+mod eval;
+mod source_map;
+
+mod schala;
+
+pub use schala::Schala;

schala-lang/language/src/parsing/test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,828 @@
+#![cfg(test)]
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use super::{Parser, ParseResult, tokenize};
+use crate::ast::*;
+use super::Declaration::*;
+use super::Signature;
+use super::TypeIdentifier::*;
+use super::TypeSingletonName;
+use super::ExpressionKind::*;
+use super::Variant::*;
+use super::ForBody::*;
+
+fn make_parser(input: &str) -> Parser {
+  let source_map = crate::source_map::SourceMap::new();
+  let source_map_handle = Rc::new(RefCell::new(source_map));
+  let tokens: Vec<crate::tokenizing::Token> = tokenize(input);
+  let mut parser = super::Parser::new(source_map_handle);
+  parser.add_new_tokens(tokens);
+  parser
+}
+
+fn parse(input: &str) -> ParseResult<AST> {
+  let mut parser = make_parser(input);
+  parser.parse()
+}
+
+macro_rules! parse_test {
+  ($string:expr, $correct:expr) => {
+    assert_eq!(parse($string).unwrap(), $correct)
+  };
+}
+macro_rules! parse_test_wrap_ast {
+  ($string:expr, $correct:expr) => { parse_test!($string, AST { id: ItemIdStore::new_id(), statements: vec![$correct] }) }
+}
+macro_rules! parse_error {
+  ($string:expr) => { assert!(parse($string).is_err()) }
+}
+macro_rules! qname {
+  (  $( $component:expr),* ) => {
+    {
+    let mut components = vec![];
+    $(
+      components.push(rc!($component));
+    )*
+    QualifiedName { components, id: ItemIdStore::new_id() }
+    }
+  };
+}
+macro_rules! val {
+  ($var:expr) => { Value(QualifiedName { components: vec![Rc::new($var.to_string())], id: ItemIdStore::new_id() }) };
+}
+macro_rules! ty {
+  ($name:expr) => { Singleton(tys!($name)) }
+}
+macro_rules! tys {
+  ($name:expr) => { TypeSingletonName { name: Rc::new($name.to_string()), params: vec![] } };
+}
+
+macro_rules! decl {
+  ($expr_type:expr) => {
+    Statement { id: ItemIdStore::new_id(), kind: StatementKind::Declaration($expr_type) }
+  };
+}
+
+macro_rules! import {
+  ($import_spec:expr) => {
+    Statement { id: ItemIdStore::new_id(), kind: StatementKind::Import($import_spec) }
+  }
+}
+
+macro_rules! module {
+  ($module_spec:expr) => {
+    Statement { id: ItemIdStore::new_id(), kind: StatementKind::Module($module_spec) }
+  }
+}
+
+macro_rules! ex {
+  ($expr_type:expr) => { Expression::new(ItemIdStore::new_id(), $expr_type) };
+  ($expr_type:expr, $type_anno:expr) => { Expression::with_anno(ItemIdStore::new_id(), $expr_type, $type_anno) };
+  (s $expr_text:expr) => {
+    {
+      let mut parser = make_parser($expr_text);
+      parser.expression().unwrap()
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+macro_rules! inv {
+  ($expr_type:expr) => { InvocationArgument::Positional($expr_type) }
+}
+
+macro_rules! binexp {
+  ($op:expr, $lhs:expr, $rhs:expr) => { BinExp(BinOp::from_sigil($op), bx!(Expression::new(ItemIdStore::new_id(), $lhs).into()), bx!(Expression::new(ItemIdStore::new_id(), $rhs).into())) }
+}
+macro_rules! prefexp {
+  ($op:expr, $lhs:expr) => { PrefixExp(PrefixOp::from_str($op).unwrap(), bx!(Expression::new(ItemIdStore::new_id(), $lhs).into())) }
+}
+macro_rules! exst {
+  ($expr_type:expr) => { Statement { id: ItemIdStore::new_id(), kind: StatementKind::Expression(Expression::new(ItemIdStore::new_id(), $expr_type).into())} };
+  ($expr_type:expr, $type_anno:expr) => { Statement { id: ItemIdStore::new_id(), kind: StatementKind::Expression(Expression::with_anno(ItemIdStore::new_id(), $expr_type, $type_anno).into())} };
+  ($op:expr, $lhs:expr, $rhs:expr) => { Statement { id: ItemIdStore::new_id(), ,kind: StatementKind::Expression(ex!(binexp!($op, $lhs, $rhs)))}
+  };
+  (s $statement_text:expr) => {
+    {
+      let mut parser = make_parser($statement_text);
+      parser.statement().unwrap()
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_number_literals_and_binexps() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! { ".2", exst!(FloatLiteral(0.2)) };
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! { "8.1", exst!(FloatLiteral(8.1)) };
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! { "0b010", exst!(NatLiteral(2)) };
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! { "0b0_1_0_", exst!(NatLiteral(2)) }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {"0xff", exst!(NatLiteral(255)) };
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {"0xf_f_", exst!(NatLiteral(255)) };
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {"0xf_f_+1", exst!(binexp!("+", NatLiteral(255), NatLiteral(1))) };
+
+  parse_test! {"3; 4; 4.3",
+    AST {
+      id: ItemIdStore::new_id(),
+      statements: vec![exst!(NatLiteral(3)), exst!(NatLiteral(4)),
+      exst!(FloatLiteral(4.3))]
+    }
+  };
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("1 + 2 * 3",
+    exst!(binexp!("+", NatLiteral(1), binexp!("*", NatLiteral(2), NatLiteral(3))))
+  );
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("1 * 2 + 3",
+    exst!(binexp!("+", binexp!("*", NatLiteral(1), NatLiteral(2)), NatLiteral(3)))
+    ) ;
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("1 && 2", exst!(binexp!("&&", NatLiteral(1), NatLiteral(2))));
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("1 + 2 * 3 + 4", exst!(
+    binexp!("+",
+      binexp!("+", NatLiteral(1), binexp!("*", NatLiteral(2), NatLiteral(3))),
+      NatLiteral(4))));
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("(1 + 2) * 3",
+    exst!(binexp!("*", binexp!("+", NatLiteral(1), NatLiteral(2)), NatLiteral(3))));
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!(".1 + .2", exst!(binexp!("+", FloatLiteral(0.1), FloatLiteral(0.2))));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("1 / 2", exst!(binexp!("/", NatLiteral(1), NatLiteral(2))));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_tuples() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("()", exst!(TupleLiteral(vec![])));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("(\"hella\", 34)", exst!(
+    TupleLiteral(
+      vec![ex!(s r#""hella""#).into(), ex!(s "34").into()]
+    )
+  ));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("((1+2), \"slough\")", exst!(TupleLiteral(vec![
+    ex!(binexp!("+", NatLiteral(1), NatLiteral(2))).into(),
+    ex!(StringLiteral(rc!(slough))).into(),
+  ])))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_identifiers() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a", exst!(val!("a")));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("some_value", exst!(val!("some_value")));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a + b", exst!(binexp!("+", val!("a"), val!("b"))));
+  //parse_test!("a[b]", AST(vec![Expression(
+  //parse_test!("a[]", <- TODO THIS NEEDS TO FAIL
+  //parse_test("a()[b]()[d]")
+  //TODO fix this parsing stuff
+  /*
+  parse_test! { "perspicacity()[a]", AST(vec![
+    exst!(Index {
+      indexee: bx!(ex!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("perspicacity"))), arguments: vec![] })),
+      indexers: vec![ex!(val!("a"))]
+    })
+  ])
+  }
+  */
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a[b,c]", exst!(Index { indexee: bx!(ex!(val!("a"))), indexers: vec![ex!(val!("b")), ex!(val!("c"))]} ));
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("None", exst!(val!("None")));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("Pandas {  a: x + y }",
+    exst!(NamedStruct { name: qname!(Pandas), fields: vec![(rc!(a), ex!(binexp!("+", val!("x"), val!("y"))))]})
+  );
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! { "Pandas { a: n, b: q, }",
+    exst!(NamedStruct { name: qname!(Pandas), fields:
+    vec![(rc!(a), ex!(val!("n"))), (rc!(b), ex!(val!("q")))]
+    }
+    )
+  };
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn qualified_identifiers() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "let q_q = Yolo::Swaggins",
+    decl!(Binding { name: rc!(q_q), constant: true, type_anno: None,
+    expr: Expression::new(ItemIdStore::new_id(), Value(qname!(Yolo, Swaggins))),
+    })
+  }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "thing::item::call()",
+    exst!(Call { f: bx![ex!(Value(qname!(thing, item, call)))], arguments: vec![] })
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn reserved_words() {
+  parse_error!("module::item::call()");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_complicated_operators() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a <- b", exst!(binexp!("<-", val!("a"), val!("b"))));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a || b", exst!(binexp!("||", val!("a"), val!("b"))));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a<>b", exst!(binexp!("<>", val!("a"), val!("b"))));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a.b.c.d", exst!(binexp!(".",
+                                              binexp!(".",
+                                                binexp!(".", val!("a"), val!("b")),
+                                              val!("c")),
+                                              val!("d"))));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("-3", exst!(prefexp!("-", NatLiteral(3))));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("-0.2", exst!(prefexp!("-", FloatLiteral(0.2))));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("!3", exst!(prefexp!("!", NatLiteral(3))));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a <- -b", exst!(binexp!("<-", val!("a"), prefexp!("-", val!("b")))));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a <--b", exst!(binexp!("<--", val!("a"), val!("b"))));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_functions() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("fn oi()",  decl!(FuncSig(Signature { name: rc!(oi), operator: false, params: vec![], type_anno: None })));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("oi()", exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("oi"))), arguments: vec![] }));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("oi(a, 2 + 2)", exst!(Call
+  { f: bx!(ex!(val!("oi"))),
+    arguments: vec![inv!(ex!(val!("a"))), inv!(ex!(binexp!("+", NatLiteral(2), NatLiteral(2)))).into()]
+  }));
+  parse_error!("a(b,,c)");
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("fn a(b, c: Int): Int", decl!(
+      FuncSig(Signature { name: rc!(a), operator: false, params: vec![
+        FormalParam { name: rc!(b), anno: None, default: None },
+        FormalParam { name: rc!(c), anno: Some(ty!("Int")), default: None }
+      ], type_anno: Some(ty!("Int")) })));
+
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("fn a(x) { x() }", decl!(
+      FuncDecl(Signature { name: rc!(a), operator: false, params: vec![FormalParam { name: rc!(x), anno: None, default: None }], type_anno: None },
+      vec![exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("x"))), arguments: vec![] })])));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("fn a(x) {\n x() }", decl!(
+      FuncDecl(Signature { name: rc!(a), operator: false, params: vec![FormalParam { name: rc!(x), anno: None, default: None }], type_anno: None },
+      vec![exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("x"))), arguments: vec![] })])));
+
+  let multiline = r#"
+fn a(x) {
+x()
+}
+"#;
+parse_test_wrap_ast!(multiline, decl!(
+    FuncDecl(Signature { name: rc!(a), operator: false, params: vec![FormalParam { name: rc!(x), default: None, anno: None }], type_anno: None },
+    vec![exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("x"))), arguments: vec![] })])));
+  let multiline2 = r#"
+fn a(x) {
+
+x()
+
+}
+"#;
+parse_test_wrap_ast!(multiline2, decl!(
+    FuncDecl(Signature { name: rc!(a), operator: false, params: vec![FormalParam { name: rc!(x), default: None, anno: None }], type_anno: None },
+    vec![exst!(s "x()")])));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn functions_with_default_args() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "fn func(x: Int, y: Int = 4) { }",
+    decl!(
+      FuncDecl(Signature { name: rc!(func), operator: false, type_anno: None, params: vec![
+        FormalParam { name: rc!(x), default: None, anno: Some(ty!("Int")) },
+        FormalParam { name: rc!(y), default: Some(ex!(s "4")), anno: Some(ty!("Int")) }
+      ]}, vec![])
+    )
+  };
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_bools() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("false", exst!(BoolLiteral(false)));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("true", exst!(BoolLiteral(true)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_strings() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!(r#""hello""#, exst!(StringLiteral(rc!(hello))));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_types() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("type Yolo = Yolo", decl!(TypeDecl { name: tys!("Yolo"), body: TypeBody(vec![UnitStruct(rc!(Yolo))]), mutable: false} ));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("type mut Yolo = Yolo", decl!(TypeDecl { name: tys!("Yolo"), body: TypeBody(vec![UnitStruct(rc!(Yolo))]), mutable: true} ));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("type alias Sex = Drugs", decl!(TypeAlias { alias: rc!(Sex), original: rc!(Drugs) }));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("type Sanchez = Miguel | Alejandro(Int, Option<a>) | Esperanza { a: Int, b: String }",
+  decl!(TypeDecl {
+    name: tys!("Sanchez"),
+    body: TypeBody(vec![
+      UnitStruct(rc!(Miguel)),
+      TupleStruct(rc!(Alejandro), vec![
+        Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Int), params: vec![] }),
+        Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Option), params: vec![Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(a), params: vec![] })] }),
+      ]),
+      Record{
+        name: rc!(Esperanza),
+        members: vec![
+          (rc!(a), Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Int), params: vec![] })),
+          (rc!(b), Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(String), params: vec![] })),
+        ]
+      }
+    ]),
+    mutable: false
+  }));
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "type Jorge<a> = Diego | Kike(a)",
+    decl!(TypeDecl{
+      name: TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Jorge), params: vec![Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(a), params: vec![] })] },
+      body: TypeBody(vec![UnitStruct(rc!(Diego)), TupleStruct(rc!(Kike), vec![Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(a), params: vec![] })])]),
+      mutable: false
+    }
+    )
+  };
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_bindings() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("let mut a = 10", decl!(Binding { name: rc!(a), constant: false, type_anno: None, expr: ex!(NatLiteral(10)) } ));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("let a = 2 + 2", decl!(Binding { name: rc!(a), constant: true, type_anno: None, expr: ex!(binexp!("+", NatLiteral(2), NatLiteral(2))) }));
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("let a: Nat = 2 + 2", decl!(
+      Binding { name: rc!(a), constant: true, type_anno: Some(Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Nat), params: vec![] })),
+      expr: ex!(binexp!("+", NatLiteral(2), NatLiteral(2))) }
+  ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_block_expressions() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "if a() then { b(); c() }", exst!(
+      IfExpression {
+        discriminator: Some(bx! {
+          ex!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("a"))), arguments: vec![]})
+        }),
+        body: bx! {
+          IfExpressionBody::SimpleConditional {
+            then_case: vec![exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("b"))), arguments: vec![]}), exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("c"))), arguments: vec![] })],
+            else_case: None,
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    )
+  };
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "if a() then { b(); c() } else { q }", exst!(
+      IfExpression {
+        discriminator: Some(bx! {
+          ex!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("a"))), arguments: vec![]})
+        }),
+        body: bx! {
+          IfExpressionBody::SimpleConditional {
+            then_case: vec![exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("b"))), arguments: vec![]}), exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("c"))), arguments: vec![] })],
+            else_case: Some(vec![exst!(val!("q"))]),
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    )
+  };
+
+  /*
+  parse_test!("if a() then { b(); c() }", AST(vec![exst!(
+      IfExpression(bx!(ex!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("a"))), arguments: vec![]})),
+        vec![exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("b"))), arguments: vec![]}), exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("c"))), arguments: vec![] })],
+        None)
+      )]));
+  parse_test!(r#"
+  if true then {
+    const a = 10
+    b
+  } else {
+    c
+  }"#,
+  AST(vec![exst!(IfExpression(bx!(ex!(BoolLiteral(true))),
+    vec![decl!(Binding { name: rc!(a), constant: true, expr: ex!(NatLiteral(10)) }),
+          exst!(val!(rc!(b)))],
+    Some(vec![exst!(val!(rc!(c)))])))])
+  );
+
+  parse_test!("if a { b } else { c }", AST(vec![exst!(
+        IfExpression(bx!(ex!(val!("a"))),
+          vec![exst!(val!("b"))],
+          Some(vec![exst!(val!("c"))])))]));
+
+  parse_test!("if (A {a: 1}) { b } else { c }", AST(vec![exst!(
+        IfExpression(bx!(ex!(NamedStruct { name: rc!(A), fields: vec![(rc!(a), ex!(NatLiteral(1)))]})),
+          vec![exst!(val!("b"))],
+          Some(vec![exst!(val!("c"))])))]));
+
+  parse_error!("if A {a: 1} { b } else { c }");
+  */
+}
+#[test]
+fn parsing_interfaces() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("interface Unglueable { fn unglue(a: Glue); fn mar(): Glue }",
+  decl!(Interface {
+    name: rc!(Unglueable),
+    signatures: vec![
+      Signature {
+        name: rc!(unglue),
+        operator: false,
+        params: vec![
+          FormalParam { name: rc!(a), anno: Some(Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Glue), params: vec![] })), default: None }
+        ],
+        type_anno: None
+      },
+      Signature { name: rc!(mar), operator: false, params: vec![], type_anno: Some(Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Glue), params: vec![] })) },
+    ]
+  })
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_impls() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("impl Heh { fn yolo(); fn swagg(); }",
+  decl!(Impl {
+    type_name: ty!("Heh"),
+    interface_name: None,
+    block: vec![
+      FuncSig(Signature { name: rc!(yolo), operator: false, params: vec![], type_anno: None }),
+      FuncSig(Signature { name: rc!(swagg), operator: false, params: vec![], type_anno: None })
+    ] }));
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("impl Mondai for Lollerino { fn yolo(); fn swagg(); }",
+  decl!(Impl {
+    type_name: ty!("Lollerino"),
+    interface_name: Some(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Mondai), params: vec![] }),
+    block: vec![
+      FuncSig(Signature { name: rc!(yolo), operator: false, params: vec![], type_anno: None}),
+      FuncSig(Signature { name: rc!(swagg), operator: false, params: vec![], type_anno: None })
+    ] }));
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("impl Hella<T> for (Alpha, Omega) { }",
+  decl!(Impl {
+    type_name: Tuple(vec![ty!("Alpha"), ty!("Omega")]),
+    interface_name: Some(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Hella), params: vec![ty!("T")] }),
+    block: vec![]
+  })
+  );
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("impl Option<WTFMate> { fn oi() }",
+  decl!(Impl {
+    type_name: Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Option), params: vec![ty!("WTFMate")]}),
+    interface_name: None,
+    block: vec![
+      FuncSig(Signature { name: rc!(oi), operator: false, params: vec![], type_anno: None }),
+    ]
+  }));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_type_annotations() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("let a = b : Int",
+    decl!(Binding { name: rc!(a), constant: true, type_anno: None, expr:
+      ex!(val!("b"), ty!("Int")) }));
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a : Int",
+    exst!(val!("a"), ty!("Int"))
+  );
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a : Option<Int>",
+    exst!(val!("a"), Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Option), params: vec![ty!("Int")] }))
+  );
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a : KoreanBBQSpecifier<Kimchi, Option<Bulgogi> >",
+    exst!(val!("a"), Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(KoreanBBQSpecifier), params: vec![
+      ty!("Kimchi"), Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name: rc!(Option), params: vec![ty!("Bulgogi")] })
+    ] }))
+  );
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!("a : (Int, Yolo<a>)",
+    exst!(val!("a"), Tuple(
+      vec![ty!("Int"), Singleton(TypeSingletonName {
+        name: rc!(Yolo), params: vec![ty!("a")]
+      })])));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parsing_lambdas() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! { r#"\(x) { x + 1}"#, exst!(
+      Lambda { params: vec![FormalParam { name: rc!(x), anno: None, default: None } ], type_anno: None, body: vec![exst!(s "x + 1")] }
+    )
+  }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast!(r#"\  (x: Int, y) { a;b;c;}"#,
+    exst!(Lambda {
+      params: vec![
+        FormalParam { name: rc!(x), anno: Some(ty!("Int")), default: None },
+        FormalParam { name: rc!(y), anno: None, default: None }
+      ],
+      type_anno: None,
+      body: vec![exst!(s "a"), exst!(s "b"), exst!(s "c")]
+    })
+  );
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! { r#"\(x){y}(1)"#,
+    exst!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(
+      Lambda {
+        params: vec![
+          FormalParam { name: rc!(x), anno: None, default: None }
+        ],
+        type_anno: None,
+        body: vec![exst!(s "y")] }
+      )),
+      arguments: vec![inv!(ex!(NatLiteral(1))).into()] })
+  };
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    r#"\(x: Int): String { "q" }"#,
+    exst!(Lambda {
+      params: vec![
+        FormalParam { name: rc!(x), anno: Some(ty!("Int")), default: None },
+      ],
+      type_anno: Some(ty!("String")),
+      body: vec![exst!(s r#""q""#)]
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_param_lambda() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    r"\x { x + 10 }",
+    exst!(Lambda {
+      params: vec![FormalParam { name: rc!(x), anno: None, default: None }],
+      type_anno: None,
+      body: vec![exst!(s r"x + 10")]
+    })
+  }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    r"\x: Nat { x + 10 }",
+    exst!(Lambda {
+      params: vec![FormalParam { name: rc!(x), anno: Some(ty!("Nat")), default: None }],
+      type_anno: None,
+      body: vec![exst!(s r"x + 10")]
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn more_advanced_lambdas() {
+  parse_test! {
+    r#"fn wahoo() { let a = 10; \(x) { x + a } };
+    wahoo()(3) "#,
+    AST {
+      id: ItemIdStore::new_id(),
+      statements: vec![
+        exst!(s r"fn wahoo() { let a = 10; \(x) { x + a } }"),
+        exst! {
+        Call {
+          f: bx!(ex!(Call { f: bx!(ex!(val!("wahoo"))), arguments: vec![] })),
+          arguments: vec![inv!(ex!(NatLiteral(3))).into()],
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+  fn list_literals() {
+    parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+      "[1,2]",
+        exst!(ListLiteral(vec![ex!(NatLiteral(1)), ex!(NatLiteral(2))]))
+    };
+  }
+
+#[test]
+fn while_expr() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "while { }",
+    exst!(WhileExpression { condition: None, body: vec![] })
+  }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "while a == b { }",
+    exst!(WhileExpression { condition: Some(bx![ex![binexp!("==", val!("a"), val!("b"))]]), body: vec![] })
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn for_expr() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "for { a <- maybeValue } return 1",
+    exst!(ForExpression {
+      enumerators: vec![Enumerator { id: rc!(a), generator: ex!(val!("maybeValue")) }],
+      body: bx!(MonadicReturn(ex!(s "1")))
+    })
+  }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "for n <- someRange { f(n); }",
+    exst!(ForExpression { enumerators: vec![Enumerator { id: rc!(n), generator: ex!(val!("someRange"))}],
+      body: bx!(ForBody::StatementBlock(vec![exst!(s "f(n)")]))
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn patterns() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "if x is Some(a) then { 4 } else { 9 }", exst!(
+      IfExpression {
+        discriminator: Some(bx!(ex!(s "x"))),
+        body: bx!(IfExpressionBody::SimplePatternMatch {
+          pattern: Pattern::TupleStruct(qname!(Some), vec![Pattern::VarOrName(qname!(a))]),
+          then_case: vec![exst!(s "4")],
+          else_case: Some(vec![exst!(s "9")]) })
+        }
+      )
+  }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "if x is Some(a) then 4 else 9", exst!(
+      IfExpression {
+        discriminator: Some(bx!(ex!(s "x"))),
+        body: bx!(IfExpressionBody::SimplePatternMatch {
+            pattern: Pattern::TupleStruct(qname!(Some), vec![Pattern::VarOrName(qname!(a))]),
+            then_case: vec![exst!(s "4")],
+            else_case: Some(vec![exst!(s "9")]) }
+          )
+        }
+    )
+  }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "if x is Something { a, b: x } then { 4 } else { 9 }", exst!(
+      IfExpression {
+        discriminator: Some(bx!(ex!(s "x"))),
+        body: bx!(IfExpressionBody::SimplePatternMatch {
+          pattern: Pattern::Record(qname!(Something), vec![
+                (rc!(a),Pattern::Literal(PatternLiteral::StringPattern(rc!(a)))),
+                (rc!(b),Pattern::VarOrName(qname!(x)))
+            ]),
+          then_case: vec![exst!(s "4")],
+          else_case: Some(vec![exst!(s "9")])
+          }
+        )
+      }
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pattern_literals() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "if x is -1 then 1 else 2",
+    exst!(
+      IfExpression {
+        discriminator: Some(bx!(ex!(s "x"))),
+        body: bx!(IfExpressionBody::SimplePatternMatch {
+            pattern: Pattern::Literal(PatternLiteral::NumPattern { neg: true, num: NatLiteral(1) }),
+            then_case: vec![exst!(NatLiteral(1))],
+            else_case: Some(vec![exst!(NatLiteral(2))]),
+        })
+      }
+    )
+  }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "if x is 1 then 1 else 2",
+    exst!(
+      IfExpression {
+        discriminator: Some(bx!(ex!(s "x"))),
+        body: bx!(IfExpressionBody::SimplePatternMatch {
+          pattern: Pattern::Literal(PatternLiteral::NumPattern { neg: false, num: NatLiteral(1) }),
+          then_case: vec![exst!(s "1")],
+          else_case: Some(vec![exst!(s "2")]),
+        })
+      }
+    )
+  }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "if x is true then 1 else 2",
+    exst!(
+    IfExpression {
+        discriminator: Some(bx!(ex!(s "x"))),
+        body: bx!(
+            IfExpressionBody::SimplePatternMatch {
+              pattern: Pattern::Literal(PatternLiteral::BoolPattern(true)),
+              then_case: vec![exst!(NatLiteral(1))],
+              else_case: Some(vec![exst!(NatLiteral(2))]),
+          })
+      }
+    )
+  }
+
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "if x is \"gnosticism\" then 1 else 2",
+      exst!(
+        IfExpression {
+          discriminator: Some(bx!(ex!(s "x"))),
+          body: bx!(IfExpressionBody::SimplePatternMatch {
+              pattern: Pattern::Literal(PatternLiteral::StringPattern(rc!(gnosticism))),
+              then_case: vec![exst!(s "1")],
+              else_case: Some(vec![exst!(s "2")]),
+          })
+        }
+      )
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn imports() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "import harbinger::draughts::Norgleheim",
+    import!(ImportSpecifier { 
+      id: ItemIdStore::new_id(),
+      path_components: vec![rc!(harbinger), rc!(draughts), rc!(Norgleheim)],
+      imported_names: ImportedNames::LastOfPath
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn imports_2() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "import harbinger::draughts::{Norgleheim, Xraksenlaigar}",
+    import!(ImportSpecifier { 
+      id: ItemIdStore::new_id(),
+      path_components: vec![rc!(harbinger), rc!(draughts)],
+      imported_names: ImportedNames::List(vec![
+        rc!(Norgleheim),
+        rc!(Xraksenlaigar)
+      ])
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn imports_3() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "import bespouri::{}",
+    import!(ImportSpecifier { 
+      id: ItemIdStore::new_id(),
+      path_components: vec![rc!(bespouri)],
+      imported_names: ImportedNames::List(vec![])
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn imports_4() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "import bespouri::*",
+    import!(ImportSpecifier {
+      id: ItemIdStore::new_id(),
+      path_components: vec![rc!(bespouri)],
+      imported_names: ImportedNames::All
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn if_expr() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+    "if x { is 1 then 5, else 20 }",
+    exst! {
+      IfExpression {
+        discriminator: Some(bx!(ex!(s "x"))),
+        body: bx!(IfExpressionBody::CondList(
+          vec![
+            ConditionArm {
+              condition: Condition::Pattern(Pattern::Literal(PatternLiteral::NumPattern { neg: false, num: NatLiteral(1)})),
+              guard: None,
+              body: vec![exst!(s "5")],
+            },
+            ConditionArm {
+              condition: Condition::Else,
+              guard: None,
+              body: vec![exst!(s "20")],
+            },
+          ]
+        ))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn modules() {
+  parse_test_wrap_ast! {
+r#"
+  module ephraim {
+    let a = 10
+    fn nah() { 33 }
+  }
+"#,
+module!(
+  ModuleSpecifier { name: rc!(ephraim), contents: vec![
+    decl!(Binding { name: rc!(a), constant: true, type_anno: None, expr: ex!(s "10") }),
+    decl!(FuncDecl(Signature { name: rc!(nah), operator: false, params: vec![], type_anno: None }, vec![exst!(NatLiteral(33))])),
+  ] }
+)
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/prelude.schala

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+let _SCHALA_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+
+type Option<T> = Some(T) | None
+type Ord = LT | EQ | GT
+
+
+fn map(input: Option<T>, func: Func): Option<T> {
+  if input {
+    is Option::Some(x) then Option::Some(func(x)),
+    is Option::None then Option::None,
+  }
+}
+
+type Complicated = Sunrise | Metal { black: bool, norwegian: bool } | Fella(String, Int)

schala-lang/language/src/reduced_ast.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+//! # Reduced AST
+//! The reduced AST is a minimal AST designed to be built from the full AST after all possible
+//! static checks have been done. Consequently, the AST reduction phase does very little error
+//! checking itself - any errors should ideally be caught either by an earlier phase, or are
+//! runtime errors that the evaluator should handle. That said, becuase it does do table lookups
+//! that can in principle fail [especially at the moment with most static analysis not yet complete],
+//! there is an Expr variant `ReductionError` to handle these cases.
+//!
+//! A design decision to make - should the ReducedAST types contain all information about
+//! type/layout necessary for the evaluator to work? If so, then the evaluator should not
+//! have access to the symbol table at all and ReducedAST should carry that information. If not,
+//! then ReducedAST shouldn't be duplicating information that can be queried at runtime from the
+//! symbol table. But I think the former might make sense since ultimately the bytecode will be
+//! built from the ReducedAST.
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use crate::ast::*;
+use crate::symbol_table::{Symbol, SymbolSpec, SymbolTable, FullyQualifiedSymbolName};
+use crate::builtin::Builtin;
+use crate::util::deref_optional_box;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ReducedAST(pub Vec<Stmt>);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Stmt {
+  PreBinding {
+    name: Rc<String>,
+    func: Func,
+  },
+  Binding {
+    name: Rc<String>,
+    constant: bool,
+    expr: Expr,
+  },
+  Expr(Expr),
+  Noop,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Expr {
+  Unit,
+  Lit(Lit),
+  Sym(Rc<String>), //a Sym is anything that can be looked up by name at runtime - i.e. a function or variable address
+  Tuple(Vec<Expr>),
+  Func(Func),
+  Constructor {
+    type_name: Rc<String>,
+    name: Rc<String>,
+    tag: usize,
+    arity: usize, // n.b. arity here is always the value from the symbol table - if it doesn't match what it's being called with, that's an eval error, eval will handle it
+  },
+  Call {
+    f: Box<Expr>,
+    args: Vec<Expr>,
+  },
+  Assign {
+    val: Box<Expr>, //TODO this probably can't be a val
+    expr: Box<Expr>,
+  },
+  Conditional {
+    cond: Box<Expr>,
+    then_clause: Vec<Stmt>,
+    else_clause: Vec<Stmt>,
+  },
+  ConditionalTargetSigilValue,
+  CaseMatch {
+    cond: Box<Expr>,
+    alternatives: Vec<Alternative>
+  },
+  UnimplementedSigilValue,
+  ReductionError(String),
+}
+
+pub type BoundVars = Vec<Option<Rc<String>>>; //remember that order matters here
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Alternative {
+  pub matchable: Subpattern,
+  pub item: Vec<Stmt>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Subpattern {
+  pub tag: Option<usize>,
+  pub subpatterns: Vec<Option<Subpattern>>,
+  pub bound_vars: BoundVars,
+  pub guard: Option<Expr>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Lit {
+  Nat(u64),
+  Int(i64),
+  Float(f64),
+  Bool(bool),
+  StringLit(Rc<String>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Func {
+  BuiltIn(Builtin),
+  UserDefined {
+    name: Option<Rc<String>>,
+    params: Vec<Rc<String>>,
+    body: Vec<Stmt>,
+  }
+}
+
+pub fn reduce(ast: &AST, symbol_table: &SymbolTable) -> ReducedAST {
+  let mut reducer = Reducer { symbol_table };
+  reducer.ast(ast)
+}
+
+struct Reducer<'a> {
+  symbol_table: &'a SymbolTable
+}
+
+impl<'a> Reducer<'a> {
+  fn ast(&mut self, ast: &AST) -> ReducedAST {
+    let mut output = vec![];
+    for statement in ast.statements.iter() {
+      output.push(self.statement(statement));
+    }
+    ReducedAST(output)
+  }
+
+  fn statement(&mut self, stmt: &Statement) -> Stmt {
+    match &stmt.kind {
+      StatementKind::Expression(expr) => Stmt::Expr(self.expression(&expr)),
+      StatementKind::Declaration(decl) => self.declaration(&decl),
+      StatementKind::Import(_) => Stmt::Noop,
+      StatementKind::Module(modspec) => {
+        for statement in modspec.contents.iter() {
+          self.statement(&statement);
+        }
+        Stmt::Noop
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn block(&mut self, block: &Block) -> Vec<Stmt> {
+    block.iter().map(|stmt| self.statement(stmt)).collect()
+  }
+
+  fn invocation_argument(&mut self, invoc: &InvocationArgument) -> Expr {
+    use crate::ast::InvocationArgument::*;
+    match invoc {
+      Positional(ex) => self.expression(ex),
+      Keyword { .. } => Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue,
+      Ignored => Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue,
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn expression(&mut self, expr: &Expression) -> Expr {
+    use crate::ast::ExpressionKind::*;
+    let symbol_table = self.symbol_table;
+    let ref input = expr.kind;
+    match input {
+      NatLiteral(n) => Expr::Lit(Lit::Nat(*n)),
+      FloatLiteral(f) => Expr::Lit(Lit::Float(*f)),
+      StringLiteral(s) => Expr::Lit(Lit::StringLit(s.clone())),
+      BoolLiteral(b) => Expr::Lit(Lit::Bool(*b)),
+      BinExp(binop, lhs, rhs) => self.binop(binop, lhs, rhs),
+      PrefixExp(op, arg) => self.prefix(op, arg),
+      Value(qualified_name) => self.value(qualified_name),
+      Call { f, arguments } =>  self.reduce_call_expression(f, arguments),
+      TupleLiteral(exprs) => Expr::Tuple(exprs.iter().map(|e| self.expression(e)).collect()),
+      IfExpression { discriminator, body } => self.reduce_if_expression(deref_optional_box(discriminator), body),
+      Lambda { params, body, .. } => self.reduce_lambda(params, body),
+      NamedStruct { name, fields } => self.reduce_named_struct(name, fields),
+      Index { .. } => Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue,
+      WhileExpression { .. } => Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue,
+      ForExpression { .. } => Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue,
+      ListLiteral { .. } => Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue,
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn value(&mut self, qualified_name: &QualifiedName) -> Expr {
+    let symbol_table = self.symbol_table;
+    let ref id = qualified_name.id;
+    let ref sym_name = match symbol_table.get_fqsn_from_id(id) {
+      Some(fqsn) => fqsn,
+      None => return Expr::ReductionError(format!("FQSN lookup for Value {:?} failed", qualified_name)),
+    };
+
+    //TODO this probably needs to change
+    let FullyQualifiedSymbolName(ref v) = sym_name;
+    let name = v.last().unwrap().name.clone();
+
+    let Symbol { local_name, spec, .. } = match symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&sym_name) {
+      Some(s) => s,
+      //None => return Expr::ReductionError(format!("Symbol {:?} not found", sym_name)),
+      None => return Expr::Sym(name.clone())
+    };
+
+    match spec {
+      SymbolSpec::RecordConstructor { .. } => Expr::ReductionError(format!("AST reducer doesn't expect a RecordConstructor here")),
+      SymbolSpec::DataConstructor { index, type_args, type_name } => Expr::Constructor {
+        type_name: type_name.clone(),
+        name: name.clone(),
+        tag: index.clone(),
+        arity: type_args.len(),
+      },
+      SymbolSpec::Func(_) => Expr::Sym(local_name.clone()),
+      SymbolSpec::Binding => Expr::Sym(local_name.clone()), //TODO not sure if this is right, probably needs to eventually be fqsn
+      SymbolSpec::Type { .. } => Expr::ReductionError("AST reducer doesnt expect a type here".to_string())
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn reduce_lambda(&mut self, params: &Vec<FormalParam>, body: &Block) -> Expr {
+    Expr::Func(Func::UserDefined {
+      name: None,
+      params: params.iter().map(|param| param.name.clone()).collect(),
+      body: self.block(body),
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn reduce_named_struct(&mut self, name: &QualifiedName, fields: &Vec<(Rc<String>, Expression)>) -> Expr {
+    let symbol_table = self.symbol_table;
+    let ref sym_name = match symbol_table.get_fqsn_from_id(&name.id) {
+      Some(fqsn) => fqsn,
+      None => return Expr::ReductionError(format!("FQSN lookup for name {:?} failed", name)),
+    };
+
+    let FullyQualifiedSymbolName(ref v) = sym_name;
+    let ref name = v.last().unwrap().name;
+    let (type_name, index, members_from_table) = match symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&sym_name) {
+      Some(Symbol { spec: SymbolSpec::RecordConstructor { members, type_name, index },  .. }) => (type_name.clone(), index, members),
+      _ => return Expr::ReductionError("Not a record constructor".to_string()),
+    };
+    let arity = members_from_table.len();
+
+    let mut args: Vec<(Rc<String>, Expr)> = fields.iter()
+      .map(|(name, expr)| (name.clone(), self.expression(expr)))
+      .collect();
+
+    args.as_mut_slice()
+      .sort_unstable_by(|(name1, _), (name2, _)| name1.cmp(name2)); //arbitrary - sorting by alphabetical order
+
+    let args = args.into_iter().map(|(_, expr)| expr).collect();
+
+    //TODO make sure this sorting actually works
+    let f = box Expr::Constructor { type_name, name: name.clone(), tag: *index, arity, };
+    Expr::Call { f, args }
+  }
+
+  fn reduce_call_expression(&mut self, func: &Expression, arguments: &Vec<InvocationArgument>) -> Expr {
+    Expr::Call {
+      f: Box::new(self.expression(func)),
+      args: arguments.iter().map(|arg| self.invocation_argument(arg)).collect(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn reduce_if_expression(&mut self, discriminator: Option<&Expression>, body: &IfExpressionBody) -> Expr {
+    let symbol_table = self.symbol_table;
+    let cond = Box::new(match discriminator {
+      Some(expr) => self.expression(expr),
+      None => return Expr::ReductionError(format!("blank cond if-expr not supported")),
+    });
+
+    match body {
+      IfExpressionBody::SimpleConditional { then_case, else_case } => {
+        let then_clause = self.block(&then_case);
+        let else_clause = match else_case.as_ref() {
+          None => vec![],
+          Some(stmts) => self.block(&stmts),
+        };
+        Expr::Conditional { cond, then_clause, else_clause }
+      },
+      IfExpressionBody::SimplePatternMatch { pattern, then_case, else_case } => {
+        let then_clause = self.block(&then_case);
+        let else_clause = match else_case.as_ref() {
+          None => vec![],
+          Some(stmts) => self.block(&stmts),
+        };
+
+        let alternatives = vec![
+          pattern.to_alternative(then_clause, symbol_table),
+          Alternative {
+            matchable: Subpattern {
+              tag: None,
+              subpatterns: vec![],
+              bound_vars: vec![],
+              guard: None,
+            },
+            item: else_clause
+          },
+        ];
+
+        Expr::CaseMatch {
+          cond,
+          alternatives,
+        }
+      },
+      IfExpressionBody::CondList(ref condition_arms) => {
+        let mut alternatives = vec![];
+        for arm in condition_arms {
+          match arm.condition {
+            Condition::Expression(ref _expr) => {
+              return Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue
+            },
+            Condition::Pattern(ref p) =>  {
+              let item = self.block(&arm.body);
+              let alt = p.to_alternative(item, symbol_table);
+              alternatives.push(alt);
+            },
+            Condition::TruncatedOp(_, _) => {
+              return Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue
+            },
+            Condition::Else => {
+              return Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        Expr::CaseMatch { cond, alternatives }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn binop(&mut self, binop: &BinOp, lhs: &Box<Expression>, rhs: &Box<Expression>) -> Expr {
+    let operation = Builtin::from_str(binop.sigil()).ok();
+    match operation {
+      Some(Builtin::Assignment) => Expr::Assign {
+        val: Box::new(self.expression(&*lhs)),
+        expr: Box::new(self.expression(&*rhs)),
+      },
+      Some(op) => {
+        let f = Box::new(Expr::Func(Func::BuiltIn(op)));
+        Expr::Call { f, args: vec![self.expression(&*lhs), self.expression(&*rhs)] }
+      },
+      None => {
+        //TODO handle a user-defined operation
+        Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn prefix(&mut self, prefix: &PrefixOp, arg: &Box<Expression>) -> Expr {
+    match prefix.builtin {
+      Some(op) => {
+        let f = Box::new(Expr::Func(Func::BuiltIn(op)));
+        Expr::Call { f, args: vec![self.expression(arg)] }
+      },
+      None => { //TODO need this for custom prefix ops
+        Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn declaration(&mut self, declaration: &Declaration) -> Stmt {
+    use self::Declaration::*;
+    match declaration {
+      Binding {name, constant, expr, .. } => Stmt::Binding { name: name.clone(), constant: *constant, expr: self.expression(expr) },
+      FuncDecl(Signature { name, params, .. }, statements) => Stmt::PreBinding {
+        name: name.clone(),
+        func: Func::UserDefined {
+          name: Some(name.clone()),
+          params: params.iter().map(|param| param.name.clone()).collect(),
+          body: self.block(&statements),
+        }
+      },
+      TypeDecl { .. } => Stmt::Noop,
+      TypeAlias{ .. } => Stmt::Noop,
+      Interface { .. } => Stmt::Noop,
+      Impl { .. } => Stmt::Expr(Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue),
+      _ => Stmt::Expr(Expr::UnimplementedSigilValue)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+/*                     ig var   pat
+ * x is SomeBigOldEnum(_, x, Some(t))
+ */
+
+fn handle_symbol(symbol: Option<&Symbol>, inner_patterns: &Vec<Pattern>, symbol_table: &SymbolTable) -> Subpattern {
+  use self::Pattern::*;
+  let tag = symbol.map(|symbol| match symbol.spec {
+    SymbolSpec::DataConstructor { index, .. } => index.clone(),
+    _ => panic!("Symbol is not a data constructor - this should've been caught in type-checking"),
+  });
+  let bound_vars = inner_patterns.iter().map(|p| match p {
+    VarOrName(qualified_name) => {
+      let fqsn = symbol_table.get_fqsn_from_id(&qualified_name.id);
+      let symbol_exists = fqsn.and_then(|fqsn| symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn)).is_some();
+      if symbol_exists {
+        None
+      } else {
+        let QualifiedName { components, .. } = qualified_name;
+        if components.len() == 1 {
+          Some(components[0].clone())
+        } else {
+          panic!("Bad variable name in pattern");
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    _ => None,
+  }).collect();
+
+  let subpatterns = inner_patterns.iter().map(|p| match p {
+    Ignored => None,
+    VarOrName(_) => None,
+    Literal(other) => Some(other.to_subpattern(symbol_table)),
+    tp @ TuplePattern(_) => Some(tp.to_subpattern(symbol_table)),
+    ts @ TupleStruct(_, _) => Some(ts.to_subpattern(symbol_table)),
+    Record(..) => unimplemented!(),
+  }).collect();
+
+  let guard = None;
+  /*
+     let guard_equality_exprs: Vec<Expr> = subpatterns.iter().map(|p| match p {
+     Literal(lit) => match lit {
+     _ => unimplemented!()
+     },
+     _ => unimplemented!()
+     }).collect();
+     */
+
+  Subpattern {
+    tag,
+    subpatterns,
+    guard,
+    bound_vars,
+  }
+}
+
+impl Pattern {
+  fn to_alternative(&self, item: Vec<Stmt>, symbol_table: &SymbolTable) -> Alternative {
+    let s = self.to_subpattern(symbol_table);
+    Alternative {
+      matchable: Subpattern {
+        tag: s.tag,
+        subpatterns: s.subpatterns,
+        bound_vars: s.bound_vars,
+        guard: s.guard,
+      },
+      item
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn to_subpattern(&self, symbol_table: &SymbolTable) -> Subpattern {
+    use self::Pattern::*;
+    match self {
+      TupleStruct(QualifiedName{ components, id }, inner_patterns) => {
+        let fqsn = symbol_table.get_fqsn_from_id(&id);
+        match fqsn.and_then(|fqsn| symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn)) {
+          Some(symbol) => handle_symbol(Some(symbol), inner_patterns, symbol_table),
+          None => {
+            panic!("Symbol {:?} not found", components);
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      TuplePattern(inner_patterns) => handle_symbol(None, inner_patterns, symbol_table),
+      Record(_name, _pairs) => {
+        unimplemented!()
+      },
+      Ignored => Subpattern { tag: None, subpatterns: vec![], guard: None, bound_vars: vec![] },
+      Literal(lit) => lit.to_subpattern(symbol_table),
+      VarOrName(QualifiedName { components, id  }) => {
+        // if fqsn is Some, treat this as a symbol pattern. If it's None, treat it
+        // as a variable.
+        let fqsn = symbol_table.get_fqsn_from_id(&id);
+        match fqsn.and_then(|fqsn| symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn)) {
+          Some(symbol) => handle_symbol(Some(symbol), &vec![], symbol_table),
+          None => {
+            let name = if components.len() == 1 {
+              components[0].clone()
+            } else {
+              panic!("check this line of code yo");
+            };
+            Subpattern {
+              tag: None,
+              subpatterns: vec![],
+              guard: None,
+              bound_vars: vec![Some(name.clone())],
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      },
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl PatternLiteral {
+  fn to_subpattern(&self, _symbol_table: &SymbolTable) -> Subpattern {
+    use self::PatternLiteral::*;
+    match self {
+      NumPattern { neg, num } => {
+        let comparison = Expr::Lit(match (neg, num) {
+          (false, ExpressionKind::NatLiteral(n)) => Lit::Nat(*n),
+          (false, ExpressionKind::FloatLiteral(f)) => Lit::Float(*f),
+          (true, ExpressionKind::NatLiteral(n)) => Lit::Int(-1*(*n as i64)),
+          (true, ExpressionKind::FloatLiteral(f)) => Lit::Float(-1.0*f),
+          _ => panic!("This should never happen")
+        });
+        let guard = Some(Expr::Call {
+          f: Box::new(Expr::Func(Func::BuiltIn(Builtin::Equality))),
+          args: vec![comparison, Expr::ConditionalTargetSigilValue],
+        });
+        Subpattern {
+          tag: None,
+          subpatterns: vec![],
+          guard,
+          bound_vars: vec![],
+        }
+      },
+      StringPattern(s) => {
+        let guard = Some(Expr::Call {
+          f: Box::new(Expr::Func(Func::BuiltIn(Builtin::Equality))),
+          args: vec![Expr::Lit(Lit::StringLit(s.clone())), Expr::ConditionalTargetSigilValue]
+        });
+
+        Subpattern {
+          tag: None,
+          subpatterns: vec![],
+          guard,
+          bound_vars: vec![],
+        }
+      },
+      BoolPattern(b) =>  {
+        let guard = Some(if *b {
+          Expr::ConditionalTargetSigilValue
+        } else {
+          Expr::Call {
+            f: Box::new(Expr::Func(Func::BuiltIn(Builtin::BooleanNot))),
+            args: vec![Expr::ConditionalTargetSigilValue]
+          }
+        });
+        Subpattern {
+          tag: None,
+          subpatterns: vec![],
+          guard,
+          bound_vars: vec![],
+        }
+      },
+    }
+  }
+
+}

schala-lang/language/src/schala.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+use stopwatch::Stopwatch;
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use schala_repl::{ProgrammingLanguageInterface,
+ComputationRequest, ComputationResponse,
+LangMetaRequest, LangMetaResponse, GlobalOutputStats,
+DebugResponse, DebugAsk};
+use crate::{ast, reduced_ast, tokenizing, parsing, eval, typechecking, symbol_table, source_map};
+
+pub type SymbolTableHandle = Rc<RefCell<symbol_table::SymbolTable>>;
+pub type SourceMapHandle = Rc<RefCell<source_map::SourceMap>>;
+
+/// All the state necessary to parse and execute a Schala program are stored in this struct.
+/// `state` represents the execution state for the AST-walking interpreter, the other fields
+/// should be self-explanatory.
+pub struct Schala {
+  source_reference: SourceReference,
+  source_map: SourceMapHandle,
+  state: eval::State<'static>,
+  symbol_table: SymbolTableHandle,
+  resolver: crate::scope_resolution::ScopeResolver<'static>,
+  type_context: typechecking::TypeContext<'static>,
+  active_parser: parsing::Parser,
+}
+
+impl Schala {
+  fn handle_docs(&self, source: String) -> LangMetaResponse {
+    LangMetaResponse::Docs {
+      doc_string: format!("Schala item `{}` : <<Schala-lang documentation not yet implemented>>", source)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl Schala {
+  /// Creates a new Schala environment *without* any prelude.
+  fn new_blank_env() -> Schala {
+    let source_map = Rc::new(RefCell::new(source_map::SourceMap::new()));
+    let symbols = Rc::new(RefCell::new(symbol_table::SymbolTable::new(source_map.clone())));
+    Schala {
+      //TODO maybe these can be the same structure
+      source_reference: SourceReference::new(),
+      symbol_table: symbols.clone(),
+      source_map: source_map.clone(),
+      resolver: crate::scope_resolution::ScopeResolver::new(symbols.clone()),
+      state: eval::State::new(),
+      type_context: typechecking::TypeContext::new(),
+      active_parser: parsing::Parser::new(source_map)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Creates a new Schala environment with the standard prelude, which is defined as ordinary
+  /// Schala code in the file `prelude.schala`
+  pub fn new() -> Schala {
+    let prelude = include_str!("prelude.schala");
+    let mut s = Schala::new_blank_env();
+
+    let request = ComputationRequest { source: prelude, debug_requests: HashSet::default() };
+    let response = s.run_computation(request);
+    if let Err(msg) = response.main_output {
+      panic!("Error in prelude, panicking: {}", msg);
+    }
+    s
+  }
+
+  fn handle_debug_immediate(&self, request: DebugAsk) -> DebugResponse {
+    use DebugAsk::*;
+    match request {
+      Timing => DebugResponse { ask: Timing, value: format!("Invalid") },
+      ByStage { stage_name, token } => match &stage_name[..] {
+        "symbol-table" => {
+          let value = self.symbol_table.borrow().debug_symbol_table();
+          DebugResponse {
+            ask: ByStage { stage_name: format!("symbol-table"), token },
+            value
+          }
+        },
+        s => {
+          DebugResponse {
+            ask: ByStage { stage_name: s.to_string(), token: None },
+            value: format!("Not-implemented")
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+fn tokenizing(input: &str, _handle: &mut Schala, comp: Option<&mut PassDebugArtifact>) -> Result<Vec<tokenizing::Token>, String> {
+  let tokens = tokenizing::tokenize(input);
+  comp.map(|comp| {
+    let token_string = tokens.iter().map(|t| t.to_string_with_metadata()).join(", ");
+    comp.add_artifact(token_string);
+  });
+
+  let errors: Vec<String> = tokens.iter().filter_map(|t| t.get_error()).collect();
+  if errors.len() == 0 {
+    Ok(tokens)
+  } else {
+    Err(format!("{:?}", errors))
+  }
+}
+
+fn parsing(input: Vec<tokenizing::Token>, handle: &mut Schala, comp: Option<&mut PassDebugArtifact>) -> Result<ast::AST, String> {
+  use ParsingDebugType::*;
+
+  let ref mut parser = handle.active_parser;
+  parser.add_new_tokens(input);
+  let ast = parser.parse();
+
+  comp.map(|comp| {
+    let debug_format = comp.parsing.as_ref().unwrap_or(&CompactAST);
+    let debug_info = match debug_format {
+      CompactAST => match ast{
+        Ok(ref ast) => ast.compact_debug(),
+        Err(_) => "Error - see output".to_string(),
+      },
+      ExpandedAST => match ast{
+        Ok(ref ast) => ast.expanded_debug(),
+        Err(_) => "Error - see output".to_string(),
+      },
+      Trace => parser.format_parse_trace(),
+    };
+    comp.add_artifact(debug_info);
+  });
+  ast.map_err(|err| format_parse_error(err, &handle.source_reference))
+}
+
+fn format_parse_error(error: parsing::ParseError, source_reference: &SourceReference) -> String {
+  let line_num = error.token.location.line_num;
+  let ch = error.token.location.char_num;
+  let line_from_program = source_reference.get_line(line_num);
+  let location_pointer = format!("{}^", " ".repeat(ch));
+
+  let line_num_digits = format!("{}", line_num).chars().count();
+  let space_padding = " ".repeat(line_num_digits);
+
+  let production = match error.production_name {
+    Some(n) => format!("\n(from production \"{}\")", n),
+    None => "".to_string()
+  };
+
+  format!(r#"
+{error_msg}{production}
+{space_padding} |
+{line_num} | {}
+{space_padding} | {}
+"#, line_from_program, location_pointer, error_msg=error.msg, space_padding=space_padding, line_num=line_num, production=production
+)
+}
+
+fn symbol_table(input: ast::AST, handle: &mut Schala, comp: Option<&mut PassDebugArtifact>) -> Result<ast::AST, String> {
+  let () = handle.symbol_table.borrow_mut().add_top_level_symbols(&input)?;
+  comp.map(|comp| {
+    let debug = handle.symbol_table.borrow().debug_symbol_table();
+    comp.add_artifact(debug);
+  });
+  Ok(input)
+}
+
+fn scope_resolution(mut input: ast::AST, handle: &mut Schala, _com: Option<&mut PassDebugArtifact>) -> Result<ast::AST, String> {
+  let () = handle.resolver.resolve(&mut input)?;
+  Ok(input)
+}
+
+fn typechecking(input: ast::AST, handle: &mut Schala, comp: Option<&mut PassDebugArtifact>) -> Result<ast::AST, String> {
+  let result = handle.type_context.typecheck(&input);
+
+  comp.map(|comp| {
+    comp.add_artifact(match result {
+      Ok(ty) => ty.to_string(),
+      Err(err) => format!("Type error: {}", err.msg)
+    });
+  });
+
+  Ok(input)
+}
+
+fn ast_reducing(input: ast::AST, handle: &mut Schala, comp: Option<&mut PassDebugArtifact>) -> Result<reduced_ast::ReducedAST, String> {
+  let ref symbol_table = handle.symbol_table.borrow();
+  let output = reduced_ast::reduce(&input, symbol_table);
+  comp.map(|comp| comp.add_artifact(format!("{:?}", output)));
+  Ok(output)
+}
+
+fn eval(input: reduced_ast::ReducedAST, handle: &mut Schala, comp: Option<&mut PassDebugArtifact>) -> Result<String, String> {
+  comp.map(|comp| comp.add_artifact(handle.state.debug_print()));
+  let evaluation_outputs = handle.state.evaluate(input, true);
+  let text_output: Result<Vec<String>, String> = evaluation_outputs
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+
+  let eval_output: Result<String, String> = text_output
+    .map(|v| { v.into_iter().intersperse(format!("\n")).collect() });
+  eval_output
+}
+
+/// Represents lines of source code
+struct SourceReference {
+  lines: Option<Vec<String>>
+}
+
+impl SourceReference {
+  fn new() -> SourceReference {
+    SourceReference { lines: None }
+  }
+
+  fn load_new_source(&mut self, source: &str) {
+    //TODO this is a lot of heap allocations - maybe there's a way to make it more efficient?
+    self.lines = Some(source.lines().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()); }
+
+  fn get_line(&self, line: usize) -> String {
+    self.lines.as_ref().and_then(|x| x.get(line).map(|s| s.to_string())).unwrap_or(format!("NO LINE FOUND"))
+  }
+}
+
+enum ParsingDebugType {
+  CompactAST,
+  ExpandedAST,
+  Trace
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct PassDebugArtifact {
+  parsing: Option<ParsingDebugType>,
+  artifacts: Vec<String>
+
+}
+impl PassDebugArtifact {
+  fn add_artifact(&mut self, artifact: String) {
+    self.artifacts.push(artifact)
+  }
+}
+
+fn stage_names() -> Vec<&'static str> {
+  vec![
+    "tokenizing",
+    "parsing",
+    "symbol-table",
+    "scope-resolution",
+    "typechecking",
+    "ast-reduction",
+    "ast-walking-evaluation"
+  ]
+}
+
+
+impl ProgrammingLanguageInterface for Schala {
+  fn get_language_name(&self) -> String { format!("Schala") }
+  fn get_source_file_suffix(&self) -> String { format!("schala") }
+
+  fn run_computation(&mut self, request: ComputationRequest) -> ComputationResponse {
+    struct PassToken<'a> {
+      schala: &'a mut Schala,
+      stage_durations: &'a mut Vec<(String, Duration)>,
+      sw: &'a Stopwatch,
+      debug_requests: &'a HashSet<DebugAsk>,
+      debug_responses: &'a mut Vec<DebugResponse>,
+    }
+
+    fn output_wrapper<Input, Output, F>(n: usize, func: F, input: Input, token: &mut PassToken) -> Result<Output, String>
+      where F: Fn(Input, &mut Schala, Option<&mut PassDebugArtifact>) -> Result<Output, String>
+    {
+      let stage_names = stage_names();
+      let cur_stage_name = stage_names[n];
+      let ask = token.debug_requests.iter().find(|ask| ask.is_for_stage(cur_stage_name));
+
+      let parsing = match ask {
+        Some(DebugAsk::ByStage { token, .. }) if cur_stage_name == "parsing" => Some(
+          token.as_ref().map(|token| match &token[..] {
+            "compact" => ParsingDebugType::CompactAST,
+            "expanded" => ParsingDebugType::ExpandedAST,
+            "trace" => ParsingDebugType::Trace,
+            _ => ParsingDebugType::CompactAST,
+          }).unwrap_or(ParsingDebugType::CompactAST)
+        ),
+        _ => None,
+      };
+
+      let mut debug_artifact = ask.map(|_| PassDebugArtifact {
+        parsing, ..Default::default()
+      });
+
+      let output = func(input, token.schala, debug_artifact.as_mut());
+
+      //TODO I think this is not counting the time since the *previous* stage
+      token.stage_durations.push((cur_stage_name.to_string(), token.sw.elapsed()));
+      if let Some(artifact) = debug_artifact {
+        for value in artifact.artifacts.into_iter() {
+          let resp = DebugResponse { ask: ask.unwrap().clone(), value };
+          token.debug_responses.push(resp);
+        }
+      }
+      output
+    }
+
+    let ComputationRequest { source, debug_requests } = request;
+    self.source_reference.load_new_source(source);
+    let sw = Stopwatch::start_new();
+    let mut stage_durations = Vec::new();
+    let mut debug_responses = Vec::new();
+    let mut tok = PassToken { schala: self, stage_durations: &mut stage_durations, sw: &sw, debug_requests: &debug_requests, debug_responses: &mut debug_responses };
+
+    let main_output: Result<String, String> = Ok(source)
+      .and_then(|source| output_wrapper(0, tokenizing, source, &mut tok))
+      .and_then(|tokens| output_wrapper(1, parsing, tokens, &mut tok))
+      .and_then(|ast| output_wrapper(2, symbol_table, ast, &mut tok))
+      .and_then(|ast| output_wrapper(3, scope_resolution, ast, &mut tok))
+      .and_then(|ast| output_wrapper(4, typechecking, ast, &mut tok))
+      .and_then(|ast| output_wrapper(5, ast_reducing, ast, &mut tok))
+      .and_then(|reduced_ast| output_wrapper(6, eval, reduced_ast, &mut tok));
+
+    let total_duration = sw.elapsed();
+    let global_output_stats = GlobalOutputStats {
+      total_duration, stage_durations
+    };
+
+    ComputationResponse {
+      main_output,
+      global_output_stats,
+      debug_responses,
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn request_meta(&mut self, request: LangMetaRequest) -> LangMetaResponse {
+    match request {
+      LangMetaRequest::StageNames => LangMetaResponse::StageNames(stage_names().iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()),
+      LangMetaRequest::Docs { source } => self.handle_docs(source),
+      LangMetaRequest::ImmediateDebug(debug_request) =>
+        LangMetaResponse::ImmediateDebug(self.handle_debug_immediate(debug_request)),
+      LangMetaRequest::Custom { .. } => LangMetaResponse::Custom { kind: format!("not-implemented"), value: format!("") }
+    }
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/scope_resolution.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use crate::schala::SymbolTableHandle;
+use crate::symbol_table::{ScopeSegment, FullyQualifiedSymbolName};
+use crate::ast::*;
+use crate::util::ScopeStack;
+
+type FQSNPrefix = Vec<ScopeSegment>;
+
+pub struct ScopeResolver<'a> {
+  symbol_table_handle: SymbolTableHandle,
+  name_scope_stack: ScopeStack<'a, Rc<String>, FQSNPrefix>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ASTVisitor for ScopeResolver<'a> {
+  //TODO need to un-insert these - maybe need to rethink visitor
+  fn import(&mut self, import_spec: &ImportSpecifier) {
+    let ref symbol_table = self.symbol_table_handle.borrow();
+    let ImportSpecifier { ref path_components, ref imported_names, .. } = &import_spec;
+    match imported_names {
+      ImportedNames::All => {
+        let prefix = FullyQualifiedSymbolName(path_components.iter().map(|c| ScopeSegment {
+          name: c.clone(),
+        }).collect());
+        let members = symbol_table.lookup_children_of_fqsn(&prefix);
+        for member in members.into_iter() {
+          let local_name = member.0.last().unwrap().name.clone();
+          self.name_scope_stack.insert(local_name.clone(), member.0);
+        }
+      },
+      ImportedNames::LastOfPath => {
+        let name = path_components.last().unwrap(); //TODO handle better
+        let fqsn_prefix = path_components.iter().map(|c| ScopeSegment {
+          name: c.clone(),
+        }).collect();
+        self.name_scope_stack.insert(name.clone(), fqsn_prefix);
+      }
+      ImportedNames::List(ref names) => {
+        let fqsn_prefix: FQSNPrefix = path_components.iter().map(|c| ScopeSegment {
+          name: c.clone(),
+        }).collect();
+        for name in names.iter() {
+          self.name_scope_stack.insert(name.clone(), fqsn_prefix.clone());
+        }
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  fn qualified_name(&mut self, qualified_name: &QualifiedName) {
+    let ref mut symbol_table = self.symbol_table_handle.borrow_mut();
+    let fqsn = self.lookup_name_in_scope(&qualified_name);
+    let ref id = qualified_name.id;
+    symbol_table.map_id_to_fqsn(id, fqsn);
+  }
+
+  fn named_struct(&mut self, name: &QualifiedName, _fields: &Vec<(Rc<String>, Expression)>) {
+    let ref mut symbol_table = self.symbol_table_handle.borrow_mut();
+    let ref id = name.id;
+    let fqsn = self.lookup_name_in_scope(&name);
+    symbol_table.map_id_to_fqsn(id, fqsn);
+  }
+
+  fn pattern(&mut self, pat: &Pattern) {
+    use Pattern::*;
+    match pat {
+      Ignored => (),
+      TuplePattern(_) => (),
+      Literal(_) => (),
+      TupleStruct(name, _) => self.qualified_name_in_pattern(name),
+      Record(name, _) => self.qualified_name_in_pattern(name),
+      VarOrName(name) => self.qualified_name_in_pattern(name),
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ScopeResolver<'a> {
+  pub fn new(symbol_table_handle: SymbolTableHandle) -> ScopeResolver<'static> {
+    let name_scope_stack = ScopeStack::new(None);
+    ScopeResolver { symbol_table_handle, name_scope_stack }
+  }
+  pub fn resolve(&mut self, ast: &mut AST) -> Result<(), String> {
+    walk_ast(self, ast);
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn lookup_name_in_scope(&self, sym_name: &QualifiedName) -> FullyQualifiedSymbolName {
+    let QualifiedName { components, .. } = sym_name;
+    let first_component = &components[0];
+    match self.name_scope_stack.lookup(first_component) {
+      None => {
+        FullyQualifiedSymbolName(components.iter().map(|name| ScopeSegment { name: name.clone() }).collect())
+      },
+      Some(fqsn_prefix) => {
+        let mut full_name = fqsn_prefix.clone();
+        let rest_of_name: FQSNPrefix = components[1..].iter().map(|name| ScopeSegment { name: name.clone() }).collect();
+        full_name.extend_from_slice(&rest_of_name);
+        FullyQualifiedSymbolName(full_name)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// this might be a variable or a pattern. if a variable, set to none
+  fn qualified_name_in_pattern(&mut self, qualified_name: &QualifiedName) {
+    let ref mut symbol_table = self.symbol_table_handle.borrow_mut();
+    let ref id = qualified_name.id;
+    let fqsn = self.lookup_name_in_scope(qualified_name);
+    if symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn).is_some() {
+      symbol_table.map_id_to_fqsn(&id, fqsn);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  #[test]
+  fn basic_scope() {
+
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/source_map.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt;
+
+use crate::ast::ItemId;
+
+pub type LineNumber = usize;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Location {
+  pub line_num: LineNumber,
+  pub char_num: usize,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Location {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    write!(f, "{}:{}", self.line_num, self.char_num)
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct SourceMap {
+  map: HashMap<ItemId, Location>
+}
+
+impl SourceMap {
+  pub fn new() -> SourceMap {
+    SourceMap { map: HashMap::new() }
+  }
+
+  pub fn add_location(&mut self, id: &ItemId, loc: Location) {
+    self.map.insert(id.clone(), loc);
+  }
+
+  pub fn lookup(&self, id: &ItemId) -> Option<Location> {
+    match self.map.get(id) {
+      Some(loc) => Some(loc.clone()),
+      None => None
+    }
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/symbol_table.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::fmt::Write;
+
+use crate::schala::SourceMapHandle;
+use crate::source_map::{SourceMap, LineNumber};
+use crate::ast;
+use crate::ast::{ItemId, TypeBody, TypeSingletonName, Signature, Statement, StatementKind, ModuleSpecifier};
+use crate::typechecking::TypeName;
+
+
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
+macro_rules! fqsn {
+  ( $( $name:expr ; $kind:tt),* ) => {
+    {
+      let mut vec = vec![];
+      $(
+        vec.push(crate::symbol_table::ScopeSegment::new(std::rc::Rc::new($name.to_string())));
+      )*
+      FullyQualifiedSymbolName(vec)
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+mod symbol_trie;
+use symbol_trie::SymbolTrie;
+mod test;
+
+/// Keeps track of what names were used in a given namespace. Call try_register to add a name to
+/// the table, or report an error if a name already exists.
+struct DuplicateNameTrackTable {
+  table: HashMap<Rc<String>, LineNumber>,
+}
+
+impl DuplicateNameTrackTable {
+  fn new() -> DuplicateNameTrackTable {
+    DuplicateNameTrackTable { table: HashMap::new() }
+  }
+
+  fn try_register(&mut self, name: &Rc<String>, id: &ItemId, source_map: &SourceMap) -> Result<(), LineNumber> {
+    match self.table.entry(name.clone()) {
+      Entry::Occupied(o) => {
+        let line_number = o.get();
+        Err(*line_number)
+      },
+      Entry::Vacant(v) => {
+        let line_number = if let Some(loc) = source_map.lookup(id) {
+          loc.line_num
+        } else {
+          0
+        };
+        v.insert(line_number);
+        Ok(())
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct FullyQualifiedSymbolName(pub Vec<ScopeSegment>);
+
+impl fmt::Display for FullyQualifiedSymbolName {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    let FullyQualifiedSymbolName(v) = self;
+    for segment in v {
+      write!(f, "::{}", segment)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct ScopeSegment {
+  pub name: Rc<String>, //TODO maybe this could be a &str, for efficiency?
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ScopeSegment {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    let kind = ""; //TODO implement some kind of kind-tracking here
+    write!(f, "{}{}", self.name, kind)
+  }
+}
+
+impl ScopeSegment {
+  pub fn new(name: Rc<String>) ->  ScopeSegment {
+    ScopeSegment { name }
+  }
+}
+
+
+//cf. p. 150 or so of Language Implementation Patterns
+pub struct SymbolTable {
+  source_map_handle: SourceMapHandle,
+  symbol_path_to_symbol: HashMap<FullyQualifiedSymbolName, Symbol>,
+  id_to_fqsn: HashMap<ItemId, FullyQualifiedSymbolName>,
+  symbol_trie: SymbolTrie,
+}
+
+impl SymbolTable {
+  pub fn new(source_map_handle: SourceMapHandle) -> SymbolTable {
+    SymbolTable {
+      source_map_handle,
+      symbol_path_to_symbol: HashMap::new(),
+      id_to_fqsn: HashMap::new(),
+      symbol_trie: SymbolTrie::new()
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn map_id_to_fqsn(&mut self, id: &ItemId, fqsn: FullyQualifiedSymbolName) {
+    self.id_to_fqsn.insert(id.clone(), fqsn);
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_fqsn_from_id(&self, id: &ItemId) -> Option<FullyQualifiedSymbolName> {
+    self.id_to_fqsn.get(&id).cloned()
+  }
+
+  fn add_new_symbol(&mut self, local_name: &Rc<String>, scope_path: &Vec<ScopeSegment>, spec: SymbolSpec) {
+    let mut vec: Vec<ScopeSegment> = scope_path.clone();
+    vec.push(ScopeSegment { name: local_name.clone() });
+    let fully_qualified_name = FullyQualifiedSymbolName(vec);
+    let symbol = Symbol { local_name: local_name.clone(), fully_qualified_name: fully_qualified_name.clone(), spec };
+    self.symbol_trie.insert(&fully_qualified_name);
+    self.symbol_path_to_symbol.insert(fully_qualified_name, symbol);
+  }
+
+  pub fn lookup_by_fqsn(&self, fully_qualified_path: &FullyQualifiedSymbolName) -> Option<&Symbol> {
+    self.symbol_path_to_symbol.get(fully_qualified_path)
+  }
+
+  pub fn lookup_children_of_fqsn(&self, path: &FullyQualifiedSymbolName) -> Vec<FullyQualifiedSymbolName> {
+    self.symbol_trie.get_children(path)
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Symbol {
+  pub local_name: Rc<String>, //TODO does this need to be pub?
+  fully_qualified_name: FullyQualifiedSymbolName,
+  pub spec: SymbolSpec,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Symbol {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    write!(f, "<Local name: {}, Spec: {}>", self.local_name, self.spec)
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum SymbolSpec {
+  Func(Vec<TypeName>),
+  DataConstructor {
+    index: usize,
+    type_name: TypeName,
+    type_args: Vec<Rc<String>>,
+  },
+  RecordConstructor {
+    index: usize,
+    members: HashMap<Rc<String>, TypeName>,
+    type_name: TypeName,
+  },
+  Binding,
+  Type {
+    name: TypeName
+  },
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for SymbolSpec {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    use self::SymbolSpec::*;
+    match self {
+      Func(type_names) => write!(f, "Func({:?})", type_names),
+      DataConstructor { index, type_name, type_args } => write!(f, "DataConstructor(idx: {})({:?} -> {})", index, type_args, type_name),
+      RecordConstructor { type_name, index, ..} => write!(f, "RecordConstructor(idx: {})(<members> -> {})", index, type_name),
+      Binding => write!(f, "Binding"),
+      Type { name } => write!(f, "Type <{}>", name),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl SymbolTable {
+  /* note: this adds names for *forward reference* but doesn't actually create any types. solve that problem
+   * later */
+
+  pub fn add_top_level_symbols(&mut self, ast: &ast::AST) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut scope_name_stack = Vec::new();
+    self.add_symbols_from_scope(&ast.statements, &mut scope_name_stack)
+  }
+
+  fn add_symbols_from_scope<'a>(&'a mut self, statements: &Vec<Statement>, scope_name_stack: &mut Vec<ScopeSegment>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    use self::ast::Declaration::*;
+
+    let mut seen_identifiers = DuplicateNameTrackTable::new();
+    let mut seen_modules = DuplicateNameTrackTable::new();
+
+    for statement in statements.iter() {
+      match statement {
+        Statement { kind: StatementKind::Declaration(decl), id } => {
+          match decl {
+            FuncSig(ref signature) => {
+              seen_identifiers.try_register(&signature.name, &id, &self.source_map_handle.borrow())
+                .map_err(|line| format!("Duplicate function definition: {}. It's already defined at {}", signature.name, line))?;
+              self.add_function_signature(signature, scope_name_stack)?
+            }
+            FuncDecl(ref signature, ref body) => {
+              seen_identifiers.try_register(&signature.name, &id, &self.source_map_handle.borrow())
+                .map_err(|line| format!("Duplicate function definition: {}. It's already defined at {}", signature.name, line))?;
+              self.add_function_signature(signature, scope_name_stack)?;
+              scope_name_stack.push(ScopeSegment{
+                name: signature.name.clone(),
+              });
+              let output = self.add_symbols_from_scope(body, scope_name_stack);
+              scope_name_stack.pop();
+              output?
+            },
+            TypeDecl { name, body, mutable } => {
+              seen_identifiers.try_register(&name.name, &id, &self.source_map_handle.borrow())
+                .map_err(|line| format!("Duplicate type definition: {}. It's already defined at {}", name.name, line))?;
+              self.add_type_decl(name, body, mutable, scope_name_stack)?
+            },
+            Binding { name, .. } => {
+              seen_identifiers.try_register(&name, &id, &self.source_map_handle.borrow())
+                .map_err(|line| format!("Duplicate variable definition: {}. It's already defined at {}", name, line))?;
+              self.add_new_symbol(name, scope_name_stack, SymbolSpec::Binding);
+            }
+            _ => ()
+          }
+        },
+        Statement { kind: StatementKind::Module(ModuleSpecifier { name, contents}), id } => {
+          seen_modules.try_register(&name, &id, &self.source_map_handle.borrow())
+            .map_err(|line| format!("Duplicate module definition: {}. It's already defined at {}", name, line))?;
+          scope_name_stack.push(ScopeSegment { name: name.clone() });
+          let output = self.add_symbols_from_scope(contents, scope_name_stack);
+          scope_name_stack.pop();
+          output?
+        },
+        _ => ()
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+  }
+  pub fn debug_symbol_table(&self) -> String {
+    let mut output = format!("Symbol table\n");
+    let mut sorted_symbols: Vec<(&FullyQualifiedSymbolName, &Symbol)> = self.symbol_path_to_symbol.iter().collect();
+    sorted_symbols.sort_by(|(fqsn, _), (other_fqsn, _)| fqsn.cmp(other_fqsn));
+    for (name, sym) in sorted_symbols.iter() {
+      write!(output, "{} -> {}\n", name, sym).unwrap();
+    }
+    output
+  }
+
+  fn add_function_signature(&mut self, signature: &Signature, scope_name_stack: &mut Vec<ScopeSegment>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut local_type_context = LocalTypeContext::new();
+    let types = signature.params.iter().map(|param| match param.anno {
+      Some(ref type_identifier) => Rc::new(format!("{:?}", type_identifier)),
+      None => local_type_context.new_universal_type()
+    }).collect();
+    self.add_new_symbol(&signature.name, scope_name_stack, SymbolSpec::Func(types));
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  //TODO handle type mutability
+  fn add_type_decl(&mut self, type_name: &TypeSingletonName, body: &TypeBody, _mutable: &bool, scope_name_stack: &mut Vec<ScopeSegment>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    use crate::ast::{TypeIdentifier, Variant};
+    let TypeBody(variants) = body;
+    let ref type_name = type_name.name;
+
+
+    let type_spec = SymbolSpec::Type {
+      name: type_name.clone(),
+    };
+    self.add_new_symbol(type_name, &scope_name_stack, type_spec);
+
+    scope_name_stack.push(ScopeSegment{
+      name: type_name.clone(),
+    });
+    //TODO figure out why _params isn't being used here
+    for (index, var) in variants.iter().enumerate() {
+      match var {
+        Variant::UnitStruct(variant_name) => {
+          let spec = SymbolSpec::DataConstructor {
+            index,
+            type_name: type_name.clone(),
+            type_args: vec![],
+          };
+          self.add_new_symbol(variant_name, scope_name_stack, spec);
+        },
+        Variant::TupleStruct(variant_name, tuple_members) => {
+          //TODO fix the notion of a tuple type
+          let type_args = tuple_members.iter().map(|type_name| match type_name {
+            TypeIdentifier::Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name, ..}) => name.clone(),
+            TypeIdentifier::Tuple(_) => unimplemented!(),
+          }).collect();
+          let spec = SymbolSpec::DataConstructor {
+            index,
+            type_name: type_name.clone(),
+            type_args
+          };
+          self.add_new_symbol(variant_name, scope_name_stack, spec);
+        },
+        Variant::Record { name, members: defined_members } => {
+          let mut members = HashMap::new();
+          let mut duplicate_member_definitions = Vec::new();
+          for (member_name, member_type) in defined_members {
+            match members.entry(member_name.clone()) {
+              Entry::Occupied(_) => duplicate_member_definitions.push(member_name.clone()),
+              Entry::Vacant(v) => {
+                v.insert(match member_type {
+                  TypeIdentifier::Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name, ..}) => name.clone(),
+                  TypeIdentifier::Tuple(_) => unimplemented!(),
+                });
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          if duplicate_member_definitions.len() != 0 {
+            return Err(format!("Duplicate member(s) in definition of type {}: {:?}", type_name, duplicate_member_definitions));
+          }
+          let spec = SymbolSpec::RecordConstructor { index, type_name: type_name.clone(), members };
+          self.add_new_symbol(name, scope_name_stack, spec);
+        },
+      }
+    }
+    scope_name_stack.pop();
+    Ok(())
+  }
+}
+
+struct LocalTypeContext {
+  state: u8
+}
+impl LocalTypeContext {
+  fn new() -> LocalTypeContext {
+    LocalTypeContext { state: 0 }
+  }
+
+  fn new_universal_type(&mut self) -> TypeName {
+    let n = self.state;
+    self.state += 1;
+    Rc::new(format!("{}", (('a' as u8) + n) as char))
+  }
+}
+

schala-lang/language/src/symbol_table/symbol_trie.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use radix_trie::{Trie, TrieCommon, TrieKey};
+use super::FullyQualifiedSymbolName;
+use std::hash::{Hasher, Hash};
+use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SymbolTrie(Trie<FullyQualifiedSymbolName, ()>);
+
+impl TrieKey for FullyQualifiedSymbolName {
+  fn encode_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+    let mut output = vec![];
+    let FullyQualifiedSymbolName(scopes) = self;
+    for segment in scopes.iter() {
+      segment.name.as_bytes().hash(&mut hasher);
+      output.extend_from_slice(&hasher.finish().to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    output
+  }
+}
+
+impl SymbolTrie {
+  pub fn new() -> SymbolTrie {
+    SymbolTrie(Trie::new())
+  }
+
+  pub fn insert(&mut self, fqsn: &FullyQualifiedSymbolName) {
+    self.0.insert(fqsn.clone(), ());
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_children(&self, fqsn: &FullyQualifiedSymbolName) -> Vec<FullyQualifiedSymbolName> {
+    let subtrie = match self.0.subtrie(fqsn) {
+      Some(s) => s,
+      None => return vec![]
+    };
+    let output: Vec<FullyQualifiedSymbolName> = subtrie.keys().filter(|cur_key| **cur_key != *fqsn).map(|fqsn| fqsn.clone()).collect();
+    output
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_trie_insertion() {
+  let mut trie = SymbolTrie::new();
+
+  trie.insert(&fqsn!("unrelated"; ty, "thing"; tr));
+  trie.insert(&fqsn!("outer"; ty, "inner"; tr));
+  trie.insert(&fqsn!("outer"; ty, "inner"; ty, "still_inner"; tr));
+
+  let children = trie.get_children(&fqsn!("outer"; ty, "inner"; tr));
+  assert_eq!(children.len(), 1);
+}

schala-lang/language/src/symbol_table/test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+#![cfg(test)]
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::util::quick_ast;
+
+fn add_symbols_from_source(src: &str) -> (SymbolTable, Result<(), String>) {
+  let (ast, source_map) = quick_ast(src);
+  let source_map = Rc::new(RefCell::new(source_map));
+  let mut symbol_table = SymbolTable::new(source_map);
+  let result = symbol_table.add_top_level_symbols(&ast);
+  (symbol_table, result)
+}
+
+macro_rules! values_in_table {
+  ($source:expr, $single_value:expr) => {
+    values_in_table!($source => $single_value);
+  };
+  ($source:expr => $( $value:expr ),* ) => {
+    {
+    let (symbol_table, _) = add_symbols_from_source($source);
+    $(
+      match symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn($value) {
+        Some(_spec) => (),
+        None => panic!(),
+      };
+    )*
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn basic_symbol_table() {
+  values_in_table! { "let a = 10; fn b() { 20 }", &fqsn!("b"; tr) };
+  values_in_table! { "type Option<T> = Some(T) | None" =>
+    &fqsn!("Option"; tr),
+    &fqsn!("Option"; ty, "Some"; tr),
+    &fqsn!("Option"; ty, "None"; tr) };
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_function_definition_duplicates() {
+  let source = r#"
+  fn a() { 1 }
+  fn b() { 2 }
+  fn a() { 3 }
+  "#;
+  let (_, output) = add_symbols_from_source(source);
+  assert!(output.unwrap_err().contains("Duplicate function definition: a"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_variable_definition_duplicates() {
+  let source = r#"
+  let x = 9
+  let a = 20
+  let q = 39
+  let a = 30
+  "#;
+  let (_, output) = add_symbols_from_source(source);
+  let output = output.unwrap_err();
+  assert!(output.contains("Duplicate variable definition: a"));
+  assert!(output.contains("already defined at 2"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_variable_definition_duplicates_in_function() {
+  let source = r#"
+  fn a() {
+    let a = 20
+    let b = 40
+    a + b
+  }
+
+  fn q() {
+    let a = 29
+    let x = 30
+    let x = 33
+  }
+  "#;
+  let (_, output) = add_symbols_from_source(source);
+  assert!(output.unwrap_err().contains("Duplicate variable definition: x"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dont_falsely_detect_duplicates() {
+  let source = r#"
+  let a = 20;
+  fn some_func() {
+    let a = 40;
+    77
+  }
+  let q = 39;
+  "#;
+  let (symbol_table, _) = add_symbols_from_source(source);
+  assert!(symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn!["a"; tr]).is_some());
+  assert!(symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn!["some_func"; fn, "a";tr]).is_some());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enclosing_scopes() {
+  let source = r#"
+fn outer_func(x) {
+fn inner_func(arg) {
+  arg
+}
+x + inner_func(x)
+}"#;
+  let (symbol_table, _) = add_symbols_from_source(source);
+  assert!(symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn!("outer_func"; tr)).is_some());
+  assert!(symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn!("outer_func"; fn, "inner_func"; tr)).is_some());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enclosing_scopes_2() {
+  let source = r#"
+fn outer_func(x) {
+fn inner_func(arg) {
+  arg
+}
+
+fn second_inner_func() {
+  fn another_inner_func() {
+  }
+}
+
+inner_func(x)
+}"#;
+  let (symbol_table, _) = add_symbols_from_source(source);
+  assert!(symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn!("outer_func"; tr)).is_some());
+  assert!(symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn!("outer_func"; fn, "inner_func"; tr)).is_some());
+  assert!(symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn!("outer_func"; fn, "second_inner_func"; tr)).is_some());
+  assert!(symbol_table.lookup_by_fqsn(&fqsn!("outer_func"; fn, "second_inner_func"; fn, "another_inner_func"; tr)).is_some());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enclosing_scopes_3() {
+  let source = r#"
+fn outer_func(x) {
+fn inner_func(arg) {
+  arg
+}
+
+fn second_inner_func() {
+  fn another_inner_func() {
+  }
+  fn another_inner_func() {
+  }
+}
+
+inner_func(x)
+}"#;
+  let (_, output) = add_symbols_from_source(source);
+  assert!(output.unwrap_err().contains("Duplicate"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn modules() {
+  let source = r#"
+module stuff {
+  fn item() {
+  }
+}
+
+fn item()
+"#;
+  values_in_table! { source  =>
+    &fqsn!("item"; tr),
+    &fqsn!("stuff"; tr, "item"; tr)
+  };
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn duplicate_modules() {
+  let source = r#"
+    module q {
+      fn foo() { 4 }
+    }
+
+    module a {
+      fn foo() { 334 }
+    }
+
+    module a {
+      fn foo() { 256.1 }
+    }
+    "#;
+  let (_, output) = add_symbols_from_source(source);
+  let output = output.unwrap_err();
+  assert!(output.contains("Duplicate module"));
+  assert!(output.contains("already defined at 5"));
+}

schala-lang/language/src/tokenizing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::iter::{Iterator, Peekable};
+use std::fmt;
+
+use crate::source_map::Location;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum TokenKind {
+  Newline, Semicolon,
+
+  LParen, RParen,
+  LSquareBracket, RSquareBracket,
+  LAngleBracket, RAngleBracket,
+  LCurlyBrace, RCurlyBrace,
+  Pipe, Backslash,
+
+  Comma, Period, Colon, Underscore,
+  Slash, Equals,
+
+  Operator(Rc<String>),
+  DigitGroup(Rc<String>), HexLiteral(Rc<String>), BinNumberSigil,
+  StrLiteral {
+    s: Rc<String>,
+    prefix: Option<Rc<String>>
+  },
+  Identifier(Rc<String>),
+  Keyword(Kw),
+
+  EOF,
+
+  Error(String),
+}
+use self::TokenKind::*;
+
+impl fmt::Display for TokenKind {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    match self {
+      &Operator(ref s) => write!(f, "Operator({})", **s),
+      &DigitGroup(ref s) => write!(f, "DigitGroup({})", s),
+      &HexLiteral(ref s) => write!(f, "HexLiteral({})", s),
+      &StrLiteral {ref s, .. } => write!(f, "StrLiteral({})", s),
+      &Identifier(ref s) => write!(f, "Identifier({})", s),
+      &Error(ref s) => write!(f, "Error({})", s),
+      other => write!(f, "{:?}", other),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Kw {
+  If, Then, Else,
+  Is,
+  Func,
+  For, While,
+  Const, Let, In,
+  Mut,
+  Return,
+  Alias, Type, SelfType, SelfIdent,
+  Interface, Impl,
+  True, False,
+  Module, Import
+}
+
+lazy_static! {
+  static ref KEYWORDS: HashMap<&'static str, Kw> =
+    hashmap! {
+      "if" => Kw::If,
+      "then" => Kw::Then,
+      "else" => Kw::Else,
+      "is" => Kw::Is,
+      "fn" => Kw::Func,
+      "for" => Kw::For,
+      "while" => Kw::While,
+      "const" => Kw::Const,
+      "let" => Kw::Let,
+      "in" => Kw::In,
+      "mut" => Kw::Mut,
+      "return" => Kw::Return,
+      "alias" => Kw::Alias,
+      "type" => Kw::Type,
+      "Self" => Kw::SelfType,
+      "self" => Kw::SelfIdent,
+      "interface" => Kw::Interface,
+      "impl" => Kw::Impl,
+      "true" => Kw::True,
+      "false" => Kw::False,
+      "module" => Kw::Module,
+      "import" => Kw::Import,
+    };
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Token {
+  pub kind: TokenKind,
+  pub location: Location,
+}
+
+impl Token {
+  pub fn get_error(&self) -> Option<String> {
+    match self.kind {
+      TokenKind::Error(ref s) => Some(s.clone()),
+      _ => None,
+    }
+  }
+  pub fn to_string_with_metadata(&self) -> String {
+    format!("{}({})", self.kind, self.location)
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_kind(&self) -> TokenKind {
+    self.kind.clone()
+  }
+}
+
+const OPERATOR_CHARS: [char; 18] = ['!', '$', '%', '&', '*', '+', '-', '.', ':', '<', '>', '=', '?', '@', '^', '|', '~', '`'];
+fn is_operator(c: &char) -> bool {
+  OPERATOR_CHARS.iter().any(|x| x == c)
+}
+
+type CharData = (usize, usize, char);
+
+pub fn tokenize(input: &str) -> Vec<Token> {
+  let mut tokens: Vec<Token> = Vec::new();
+
+  let mut input = input.lines().enumerate()
+      .intersperse((0, "\n"))
+      .flat_map(|(line_idx, ref line)| {
+          line.chars().enumerate().map(move |(ch_idx, ch)| (line_idx, ch_idx, ch))
+      })
+      .peekable();
+
+  while let Some((line_num, char_num, c)) = input.next() {
+    let cur_tok_kind = match c {
+      '/' => match input.peek().map(|t| t.2) {
+        Some('/') => {
+          while let Some((_, _, c)) = input.next() {
+            if c == '\n' {
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          continue;
+        },
+        Some('*') => {
+          input.next();
+          let mut comment_level = 1;
+          while let Some((_, _, c)) = input.next() {
+            if c == '*'  && input.peek().map(|t| t.2) == Some('/') {
+              input.next();
+              comment_level -= 1;
+            } else if c == '/' && input.peek().map(|t| t.2) == Some('*') {
+              input.next();
+              comment_level += 1;
+            }
+            if comment_level == 0 {
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          continue;
+        },
+        _ => Slash
+      },
+      c if c.is_whitespace() && c != '\n' => continue,
+      '\n' => Newline, ';' => Semicolon,
+      ':' => Colon, ',' => Comma,
+      '(' => LParen, ')' => RParen,
+      '{' => LCurlyBrace, '}' => RCurlyBrace,
+      '[' => LSquareBracket, ']' => RSquareBracket,
+      '"' => handle_quote(&mut input, None),
+      '\\' => Backslash,
+      c if c.is_digit(10) => handle_digit(c, &mut input),
+      c if c.is_alphabetic() || c == '_' => handle_alphabetic(c, &mut input),
+      c if is_operator(&c) => handle_operator(c, &mut input),
+      unknown => Error(format!("Unexpected character: {}", unknown)),
+    };
+    let location = Location { line_num, char_num };
+    tokens.push(Token { kind: cur_tok_kind, location });
+  }
+  tokens
+}
+
+fn handle_digit(c: char, input: &mut Peekable<impl Iterator<Item=CharData>>) -> TokenKind {
+  if c == '0' && input.peek().map_or(false, |&(_, _, c)| { c == 'x' }) {
+    input.next();
+    let rest: String = input.peeking_take_while(|&(_, _, ref c)| c.is_digit(16) || *c == '_').map(|(_, _, c)| { c }).collect();
+    HexLiteral(Rc::new(rest))
+  } else if c == '0' && input.peek().map_or(false, |&(_, _, c)| { c == 'b' }) {
+    input.next();
+    BinNumberSigil
+  } else {
+    let mut buf = c.to_string();
+    buf.extend(input.peeking_take_while(|&(_, _, ref c)| c.is_digit(10)).map(|(_, _, c)| { c }));
+    DigitGroup(Rc::new(buf))
+  }
+}
+
+fn handle_quote(input: &mut Peekable<impl Iterator<Item=CharData>>, quote_prefix: Option<&str>) -> TokenKind {
+  let mut buf = String::new();
+  loop {
+    match input.next().map(|(_, _, c)| { c }) {
+      Some('"') => break,
+      Some('\\') => {
+        let next = input.peek().map(|&(_, _, c)| { c });
+        if next == Some('n') {
+          input.next();
+          buf.push('\n')
+        } else if next == Some('"') {
+          input.next();
+          buf.push('"');
+        } else if next == Some('t') {
+          input.next();
+          buf.push('\t');
+        }
+      },
+      Some(c) => buf.push(c),
+      None => return TokenKind::Error(format!("Unclosed string")),
+    }
+  }
+  TokenKind::StrLiteral { s: Rc::new(buf), prefix: quote_prefix.map(|s| Rc::new(s.to_string())) }
+}
+
+fn handle_alphabetic(c: char, input: &mut Peekable<impl Iterator<Item=CharData>>) -> TokenKind {
+  let mut buf = String::new();
+  buf.push(c);
+  if c == '_' && input.peek().map(|&(_, _, c)| { !c.is_alphabetic() }).unwrap_or(true) {
+    return TokenKind::Underscore
+  }
+
+  loop {
+    match input.peek().map(|&(_, _, c)| { c }) {
+      Some(c) if c == '"' => {
+        input.next();
+        return handle_quote(input, Some(&buf));
+      },
+      Some(c) if c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_' => {
+        input.next();
+        buf.push(c);
+      },
+      _ => break,
+    }
+  }
+
+  match KEYWORDS.get(buf.as_str()) {
+    Some(kw) => TokenKind::Keyword(*kw),
+    None => TokenKind::Identifier(Rc::new(buf)),
+  }
+}
+
+fn handle_operator(c: char, input: &mut Peekable<impl Iterator<Item=CharData>>) -> TokenKind {
+  match c {
+    '<' | '>' | '|' | '.' | '=' => {
+      let ref next = input.peek().map(|&(_, _, c)| { c });
+      if !next.map(|n| { is_operator(&n) }).unwrap_or(false) {
+        return match c {
+          '<' => LAngleBracket,
+          '>' => RAngleBracket,
+          '|' => Pipe,
+          '.' => Period,
+          '=' => Equals,
+          _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    _ => (),
+  };
+
+  let mut buf = String::new();
+
+  if c == '`' {
+    loop {
+      match input.peek().map(|&(_, _, c)| { c }) {
+        Some(c) if c.is_alphabetic() || c == '_' => {
+          input.next();
+          buf.push(c);
+        },
+        Some('`') => {
+          input.next();
+          break;
+        },
+        _ => break
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    buf.push(c);
+    loop {
+      match input.peek().map(|&(_, _, c)| { c }) {
+        Some(c) if is_operator(&c) => {
+          input.next();
+          buf.push(c);
+        },
+        _ => break
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  TokenKind::Operator(Rc::new(buf))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod schala_tokenizer_tests {
+  use super::*;
+  use super::Kw::*;
+
+  macro_rules! digit { ($ident:expr) => { DigitGroup(Rc::new($ident.to_string())) } }
+  macro_rules! ident { ($ident:expr) => { Identifier(Rc::new($ident.to_string())) } }
+  macro_rules! op { ($ident:expr) => { Operator(Rc::new($ident.to_string())) } }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tokens() {
+    let a = tokenize("let a: A<B> = c ++ d");
+    let token_kinds: Vec<TokenKind> = a.into_iter().map(move |t| t.kind).collect();
+    assert_eq!(token_kinds, vec![Keyword(Let), ident!("a"), Colon, ident!("A"),
+      LAngleBracket, ident!("B"), RAngleBracket, Equals, ident!("c"), op!("++"), ident!("d")]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn underscores() {
+    let token_kinds: Vec<TokenKind> = tokenize("4_8").into_iter().map(move |t| t.kind).collect();
+    assert_eq!(token_kinds, vec![digit!("4"), Underscore, digit!("8")]);
+
+    let token_kinds2: Vec<TokenKind> = tokenize("aba_yo").into_iter().map(move |t| t.kind).collect();
+    assert_eq!(token_kinds2, vec![ident!("aba_yo")]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn comments() {
+    let token_kinds: Vec<TokenKind> = tokenize("1  + /* hella /* bro */ */ 2").into_iter().map(move |t| t.kind).collect();
+    assert_eq!(token_kinds, vec![digit!("1"), op!("+"), digit!("2")]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn backtick_operators() {
+    let token_kinds: Vec<TokenKind> = tokenize("1 `plus` 2").into_iter().map(move |t| t.kind).collect();
+    assert_eq!(token_kinds, vec![digit!("1"), op!("plus"), digit!("2")]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn string_literals() {
+    let token_kinds: Vec<TokenKind> = tokenize(r#""some string""#).into_iter().map(move |t| t.kind).collect();
+    assert_eq!(token_kinds, vec![StrLiteral { s: Rc::new("some string".to_string()), prefix: None }]);
+
+    let token_kinds: Vec<TokenKind> = tokenize(r#"b"some bytestring""#).into_iter().map(move |t| t.kind).collect();
+    assert_eq!(token_kinds, vec![StrLiteral { s: Rc::new("some bytestring".to_string()), prefix: Some(Rc::new("b".to_string())) }]);
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/type_check.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+
+use parsing::{AST, Statement, Declaration, Signature, Expression, ExpressionType, Operation, Variant, TypeName, TypeSingletonName};
+
+// from Niko's talk
+/* fn type_check(expression, expected_ty) -> Ty {
+    let ty = bare_type_check(expression, expected_type);
+    if ty icompatible with expected_ty {
+        try_coerce(expression, ty, expected_ty)
+    } else {
+      ty
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn bare_type_check(exprssion, expected_type) -> Ty { ... }
+ */
+
+/* H-M ALGO NOTES
+from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=il3gD7XMdmA
+(also check out http://dev.stephendiehl.com/fun/006_hindley_milner.html)
+
+typeInfer :: Expr a -> Matching (Type a)
+unify :: Type a -> Type b -> Matching (Type c)
+
+(Matching a) is a monad in which unification is done
+
+ex:
+
+typeInfer (If e1 e2 e3) = do
+    t1 <- typeInfer e1
+    t2 <- typeInfer e2
+    t3 <- typeInfer e3
+    _ <- unify t1 BoolType
+    unify t2 t3 -- b/c t2 and t3 have to be the same type
+
+typeInfer (Const (ConstInt _)) = IntType -- same for other literals
+
+--function application
+typeInfer (Apply f x) = do
+    tf <- typeInfer f
+    tx <- typeInfer x
+    case tf of
+        FunctionType t1 t2 -> do
+            _ <- unify t1 tx
+            return t2
+        _ -> fail "Not a function"
+
+--type annotation
+typeInfer (Typed x t) = do
+    tx <- typeInfer x
+    unify tx t
+
+--variable and let expressions - need to pass around a map of variable names to types here
+typeInfer :: [ (Var, Type Var) ] -> Expr Var -> Matching (Type Var)
+
+typeInfer ctx (Var x) = case (lookup x ctx) of
+    Just t -> return t
+    Nothing -> fail "Unknown variable"
+
+--let x = e1 in e2
+typeInfer ctx (Let x e1 e2) = do
+    t1 <- typeInfer ctx e1
+    typeInfer ((x, t1) :: ctx) e2
+
+--lambdas are complicated (this represents ʎx.e)
+typeInfer ctx (Lambda x e) = do
+    t1 <- allocExistentialVariable
+    t2 <- typeInfer ((x, t1) :: ctx) e
+    return $ FunctionType t1 t2 -- ie. t1 -> t2
+
+
+--to solve the problem of map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
+when we use a variable whose type has universal tvars, convert those universal
+tvars to existential ones
+    -and each  distinct universal tvar needs to map to the same existential type
+
+-so we change typeinfer:
+typeInfer ctx (Var x) = do
+    case (lookup x ctx) of
+        Nothing -> ...
+        Just t -> do
+            let uvars = nub (toList t) -- nub removes duplicates, so this gets unique universally quantified variables
+            evars <- mapM (const allocExistentialVariable) uvars
+            let varMap = zip uvars evars
+            let vixVar varMap v = fromJust $ lookup v varMap
+            return (fmap (fixVar varMap) t)
+
+--how do we define unify??
+
+-recall, type signature is:
+unify :: Type a -> Type b -> Matching (Type c)
+unify BoolType BoolType = BoolType --easy, same for all constants
+unify (FunctionType t1 t2) (FunctionType t3 t4) = do
+    t5 <- unify t1 t3
+    t6 <- unify t2 t4
+    return $ FunctionType t5 t6
+unify (TVar a) (TVar b) = if a == b then TVar a else fail
+--existential types can be assigned another type at most once
+--some complicated stuff about hanlding existential types
+--everything else is a type error
+unify a b = fail
+
+
+SKOLEMIZATION - how you prevent an unassigned existential type variable from leaking!
+-before a type gets to global scope, replace all unassigned existential vars w/  new unique universal
+type variables
+
+*/
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum Type {
+  TVar(TypeVar),
+  TConst(TypeConst),
+  TFunc(Box<Type>, Box<Type>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum TypeVar {
+  Univ(Rc<String>),
+  Exist(u64),
+}
+impl TypeVar {
+  fn univ(label: &str) -> TypeVar {
+    TypeVar::Univ(Rc::new(label.to_string()))
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum TypeConst {
+  UserT(Rc<String>),
+  Integer,
+  Float,
+  StringT,
+  Boolean,
+  Unit,
+  Bottom,
+}
+
+type TypeCheckResult = Result<Type, String>;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct PathSpecifier(Rc<String>);
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+struct TypeContextEntry {
+  ty: Type,
+  constant: bool
+}
+
+pub struct TypeContext {
+  symbol_table: HashMap<PathSpecifier, TypeContextEntry>,
+  evar_table: HashMap<u64, Type>,
+  existential_type_label_count: u64
+}
+
+impl TypeContext {
+  pub fn new() -> TypeContext {
+    TypeContext {
+      symbol_table: HashMap::new(),
+      evar_table: HashMap::new(),
+      existential_type_label_count: 0,
+    }
+  }
+  pub fn add_symbols(&mut self, ast: &AST) {
+    use self::Declaration::*;
+    use self::Type::*;
+    use self::TypeConst::*;
+
+    for statement in ast.0.iter() {
+      match *statement {
+        Statement::ExpressionStatement(_) => (),
+        Statement::Declaration(ref decl) => match *decl {
+          FuncSig(_) => (),
+          Impl { .. } => (),
+          TypeDecl(ref type_constructor, ref body) => {
+            for variant in body.0.iter() {
+              let (spec, ty) = match variant {
+                &Variant::UnitStruct(ref data_constructor) => {
+                  let spec = PathSpecifier(data_constructor.clone());
+                  let ty = TConst(UserT(type_constructor.name.clone()));
+                  (spec, ty)
+                },
+                &Variant::TupleStruct(ref data_construcor, ref args) => {
+                  //TODO fix
+                  let arg = args.get(0).unwrap();
+                  let type_arg = self.from_anno(arg);
+                  let spec = PathSpecifier(data_construcor.clone());
+                  let ty = TFunc(Box::new(type_arg), Box::new(TConst(UserT(type_constructor.name.clone()))));
+                  (spec, ty)
+                },
+                &Variant::Record(_, _) => unimplemented!(),
+              };
+              let entry = TypeContextEntry { ty, constant: true };
+              self.symbol_table.insert(spec, entry);
+            }
+          },
+          TypeAlias { .. } => (),
+          Binding {ref name, ref constant, ref expr} => {
+            let spec = PathSpecifier(name.clone());
+            let ty = expr.1.as_ref()
+              .map(|ty| self.from_anno(ty))
+              .unwrap_or_else(|| { self.alloc_existential_type() }); // this call to alloc_existential is OK b/c a binding only ever has one type, so if the annotation is absent, it's fine to just make one de novo
+            let entry = TypeContextEntry { ty, constant: *constant };
+            self.symbol_table.insert(spec, entry);
+          },
+          FuncDecl(ref signature, _) => {
+            let spec = PathSpecifier(signature.name.clone());
+            let ty = self.from_signature(signature);
+            let entry = TypeContextEntry { ty, constant: true };
+            self.symbol_table.insert(spec, entry);
+          },
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  fn lookup(&mut self, binding: &Rc<String>) -> Option<TypeContextEntry> {
+    let key = PathSpecifier(binding.clone());
+    self.symbol_table.get(&key).map(|entry| entry.clone())
+  }
+  pub fn debug_symbol_table(&self) -> String  {
+    format!("Symbol table:\n {:?}\nEvar table:\n{:?}", self.symbol_table, self.evar_table)
+  }
+  fn alloc_existential_type(&mut self) -> Type {
+    let ret = Type::TVar(TypeVar::Exist(self.existential_type_label_count));
+    self.existential_type_label_count += 1;
+    ret
+  }
+
+  fn from_anno(&mut self, anno: &TypeName) -> Type {
+    use self::Type::*;
+    use self::TypeConst::*;
+
+    match anno {
+      &TypeName::Singleton(TypeSingletonName { ref name, .. }) => {
+        match name.as_ref().as_ref() {
+          "Int" => TConst(Integer),
+          "Float" => TConst(Float),
+          "Bool" => TConst(Boolean),
+          "String" => TConst(StringT),
+          s => TVar(TypeVar::Univ(Rc::new(format!("{}",s)))),
+        }
+      },
+      &TypeName::Tuple(ref items) => {
+        if items.len() == 1 {
+          TConst(Unit)
+        } else {
+          TConst(Bottom)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn from_signature(&mut self, sig: &Signature) -> Type {
+    use self::Type::*;
+    use self::TypeConst::*;
+
+    //TODO this won't work properly until you make sure that all (universal) type vars in the function have the same existential type var
+    // actually this should never even put existential types into the symbol table at all
+
+    //this will crash if more than 5 arg function is used
+    let names = vec!["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"];
+    let mut idx = 0;
+    
+    let mut get_type = || { let q = TVar(TypeVar::Univ(Rc::new(format!("{}", names.get(idx).unwrap())))); idx += 1; q };
+
+    let return_type = sig.type_anno.as_ref().map(|anno| self.from_anno(&anno)).unwrap_or_else(|| { get_type() });
+    if sig.params.len() == 0 {
+      TFunc(Box::new(TConst(Unit)), Box::new(return_type))
+    } else {
+      let mut output_type = return_type;
+      for p in sig.params.iter() {
+        let p_type = p.1.as_ref().map(|anno| self.from_anno(anno)).unwrap_or_else(|| { get_type() });
+        output_type = TFunc(Box::new(p_type), Box::new(output_type));
+      }
+      output_type
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn type_check(&mut self, ast: &AST) -> TypeCheckResult {
+    use self::Type::*;
+    use self::TypeConst::*;
+
+    let mut last = TConst(Unit);
+
+    for statement in ast.0.iter() {
+      match statement {
+        &Statement::Declaration(ref _decl) => {
+          //return Err(format!("Declarations not supported"));
+        },
+        &Statement::ExpressionStatement(ref expr) => {
+          last = self.infer(expr)?;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(last)
+  }
+  fn infer(&mut self, expr: &Expression) -> TypeCheckResult {
+    match (&expr.0, &expr.1) {
+      (exprtype, &Some(ref anno)) => {
+        let tx = self.infer_no_anno(exprtype)?;
+        let ty = self.from_anno(anno);
+        self.unify(tx, ty)
+      },
+      (exprtype, &None) => self.infer_no_anno(exprtype),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn infer_no_anno(&mut self, ex: &ExpressionType) -> TypeCheckResult { 
+    use self::ExpressionType::*;
+    use self::Type::*;
+    use self::TypeConst::*;
+
+    Ok(match ex {
+      &IntLiteral(_) => TConst(Integer),
+      &FloatLiteral(_) => TConst(Float),
+      &StringLiteral(_) => TConst(StringT),
+      &BoolLiteral(_) => TConst(Boolean),
+      &Value(ref name, _) => {
+        self.lookup(name)
+          .map(|entry| entry.ty)
+          .ok_or(format!("Couldn't find {}", name))?
+      },
+      &BinExp(ref op, ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
+        let t_lhs = self.infer(lhs)?;
+        match self.infer_op(op)? {
+          TFunc(t1, t2) => {
+            let _ = self.unify(t_lhs, *t1)?;
+            let t_rhs = self.infer(rhs)?;
+            let x = *t2;
+            match x {
+              TFunc(t3, t4) => {
+                let _ = self.unify(t_rhs, *t3)?;
+                *t4
+              },
+              _ => return Err(format!("Not a function type either")),
+            }
+          },
+          _ => return Err(format!("Op {:?} is not a function type", op)),
+        }
+      },
+      &Call { ref f, ref arguments } => {
+        let tf = self.infer(f)?;
+        let targ = self.infer(arguments.get(0).unwrap())?;
+        match tf {
+          TFunc(box t1, box t2) => {
+            let _ = self.unify(t1, targ)?;
+            t2
+          },
+          _ => return Err(format!("Not a function!")),
+        }
+      },
+      _ => TConst(Bottom),
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn infer_op(&mut self, op: &Operation) -> TypeCheckResult {
+    use self::Type::*;
+    use self::TypeConst::*;
+    macro_rules! binoptype {
+      ($lhs:expr, $rhs:expr, $out:expr) => { TFunc(Box::new($lhs), Box::new(TFunc(Box::new($rhs), Box::new($out)))) };
+    }
+
+    Ok(match (*op.0).as_ref() {
+      "+" => binoptype!(TConst(Integer), TConst(Integer), TConst(Integer)),
+      "++" => binoptype!(TConst(StringT), TConst(StringT), TConst(StringT)),
+      "-" => binoptype!(TConst(Integer), TConst(Integer), TConst(Integer)),
+      "*" => binoptype!(TConst(Integer), TConst(Integer), TConst(Integer)),
+      "/" => binoptype!(TConst(Integer), TConst(Integer), TConst(Integer)),
+      "%" => binoptype!(TConst(Integer), TConst(Integer), TConst(Integer)),
+      _ => TConst(Bottom)
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn unify(&mut self, t1: Type, t2: Type) -> TypeCheckResult {
+    use self::Type::*;
+    use self::TypeVar::*;
+
+    println!("Calling unify with `{:?}` and `{:?}`", t1, t2);
+
+    match (&t1, &t2) {
+      (&TConst(ref c1), &TConst(ref c2)) if c1 == c2 => Ok(TConst(c1.clone())),
+      (&TFunc(ref t1, ref t2), &TFunc(ref t3, ref t4)) => {
+        let t5 = self.unify(*t1.clone().clone(), *t3.clone().clone())?;
+        let t6 = self.unify(*t2.clone().clone(), *t4.clone().clone())?;
+        Ok(TFunc(Box::new(t5), Box::new(t6)))
+      },
+      (&TVar(Univ(ref a)), &TVar(Univ(ref b))) => {
+        if a == b {
+          Ok(TVar(Univ(a.clone())))
+        } else {
+          Err(format!("Couldn't unify universal types {} and {}", a, b))
+        }
+      },
+      //the interesting case!!
+      (&TVar(Exist(ref a)), ref t2) => {
+        let x = self.evar_table.get(a).map(|x| x.clone());
+        match x {
+          Some(ref t1) => self.unify(t1.clone().clone(), t2.clone().clone()),
+          None => {
+            self.evar_table.insert(*a, t2.clone().clone());
+            Ok(t2.clone().clone())
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      (ref t1, &TVar(Exist(ref a))) => {
+        let x = self.evar_table.get(a).map(|x| x.clone());
+        match x {
+          Some(ref t2) => self.unify(t2.clone().clone(), t1.clone().clone()),
+          None => {
+            self.evar_table.insert(*a, t1.clone().clone());
+            Ok(t1.clone().clone())
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      _ => Err(format!("Types {:?} and {:?} don't unify", t1, t2))
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::{Type, TypeVar, TypeConst, TypeContext};
+  use super::Type::*;
+  use super::TypeConst::*;
+  use schala_lang::parsing::{parse, tokenize};
+
+  macro_rules! type_test {
+    ($input:expr, $correct:expr) => {
+      {
+      let mut tc = TypeContext::new();
+      let ast = parse(tokenize($input)).0.unwrap() ;
+      tc.add_symbols(&ast);
+      assert_eq!($correct, tc.type_check(&ast).unwrap())
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn basic_inference() {
+    type_test!("30", TConst(Integer));
+    type_test!("fn x(a: Int): Bool {}; x(1)", TConst(Boolean));
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/typechecking.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::fmt::Write;
+
+use ena::unify::{UnifyKey, InPlaceUnificationTable, UnificationTable, EqUnifyValue};
+
+use crate::ast::*;
+use crate::util::ScopeStack;
+use crate::util::deref_optional_box;
+
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TypeData {
+  ty: Option<Type>
+}
+
+impl TypeData {
+  #[allow(dead_code)]
+  pub fn new() -> TypeData {
+    TypeData { ty: None }
+  }
+}
+
+pub type TypeName = Rc<String>;
+
+pub struct TypeContext<'a> {
+  variable_map: ScopeStack<'a, Rc<String>, Type>,
+  unification_table: InPlaceUnificationTable<TypeVar>,
+}
+
+/// `InferResult` is the monad in which type inference takes place.
+type InferResult<T> = Result<T, TypeError>;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TypeError { pub msg: String }
+
+impl TypeError {
+  fn new<A, T>(msg: T) -> InferResult<A> where T: Into<String> {
+    Err(TypeError { msg: msg.into() })
+  }
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)] // avoids warning from Compound
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Type {
+  Const(TypeConst),
+  Var(TypeVar),
+  Arrow {
+    params: Vec<Type>,
+    ret: Box<Type>
+  },
+  Compound {
+    ty_name: String,
+    args:Vec<Type>
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct TypeVar(usize);
+
+impl UnifyKey for TypeVar {
+  type Value = Option<TypeConst>;
+  fn index(&self) -> u32 { self.0 as u32 }
+  fn from_index(u: u32) -> TypeVar { TypeVar(u as usize) }
+  fn tag() -> &'static str { "TypeVar" }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum TypeConst {
+  Unit,
+  Nat,
+  Int,
+  Float,
+  StringT,
+  Bool,
+  Ordering,
+  //UserDefined
+}
+
+impl TypeConst {
+  pub fn to_string(&self) -> String {
+    use self::TypeConst::*;
+    match self {
+      Unit => format!("()"),
+      Nat => format!("Nat"),
+      Int => format!("Int"),
+      Float => format!("Float"),
+      StringT => format!("String"),
+      Bool => format!("Bool"),
+      Ordering => format!("Ordering"),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl EqUnifyValue for TypeConst { }
+
+macro_rules! ty {
+  ($type_name:ident) => { Type::Const(TypeConst::$type_name) };
+  ($t1:ident -> $t2:ident) => { Type::Arrow { params: vec![ty!($t1)], ret: box ty!($t2) } };
+  ($t1:ident -> $t2:ident -> $t3:ident) => { Type::Arrow { params: vec![ty!($t1), ty!($t2)], ret: box ty!($t3) } };
+  ($type_list:ident, $ret_type:ident) => {
+    Type::Arrow {
+      params: $type_list,
+      ret: box $ret_type,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//TODO find a better way to capture the to/from string logic
+impl Type {
+  pub fn to_string(&self) -> String {
+    use self::Type::*;
+    match self {
+      Const(c) => c.to_string(),
+      Var(v) => format!("t_{}", v.0),
+      Arrow { params, box ref ret } => {
+        if params.len() == 0 {
+          format!("-> {}", ret.to_string())
+        } else {
+          let mut buf = String::new();
+          for p in params.iter() {
+            write!(buf, "{} -> ", p.to_string()).unwrap();
+          }
+          write!(buf, "{}", ret.to_string()).unwrap();
+          buf
+        }
+      },
+      Compound { .. } => format!("<some compound type>")
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn from_string(string: &str) -> Option<Type> {
+    Some(match string {
+      "()" | "Unit" => ty!(Unit),
+      "Nat" => ty!(Nat),
+      "Int" => ty!(Int),
+      "Float" => ty!(Float),
+      "String" => ty!(StringT),
+      "Bool" => ty!(Bool),
+      "Ordering" => ty!(Ordering),
+      _ => return None
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+/// `Type` is parameterized by whether the type variables can be just universal, or universal or
+/// existential.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum Type<A> {
+  Var(A),
+  Const(TConst),
+  Arrow(Box<Type<A>>, Box<Type<A>>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum TVar {
+  Univ(UVar),
+  Exist(ExistentialVar)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct UVar(Rc<String>);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct ExistentialVar(u32);
+
+impl Type<UVar> {
+  fn to_tvar(&self) -> Type<TVar> {
+    match self {
+      Type::Var(UVar(name)) => Type::Var(TVar::Univ(UVar(name.clone()))),
+      Type::Const(ref c) => Type::Const(c.clone()),
+      Type::Arrow(a, b) => Type::Arrow(
+        Box::new(a.to_tvar()),
+        Box::new(b.to_tvar())
+      )
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl Type<TVar> {
+  fn skolemize(&self) -> Type<UVar> {
+    match self {
+      Type::Var(TVar::Univ(uvar)) => Type::Var(uvar.clone()),
+      Type::Var(TVar::Exist(_)) => Type::Var(UVar(Rc::new(format!("sk")))),
+      Type::Const(ref c) => Type::Const(c.clone()),
+      Type::Arrow(a, b) => Type::Arrow(
+        Box::new(a.skolemize()),
+        Box::new(b.skolemize())
+      )
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl TypeIdentifier {
+  fn to_monotype(&self) -> Type<UVar> {
+    match self {
+      TypeIdentifier::Tuple(_) => Type::Const(TConst::Nat),
+      TypeIdentifier::Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name, .. }) => {
+        match &name[..] {
+          "Nat" => Type::Const(TConst::Nat),
+          "Int" => Type::Const(TConst::Int),
+          "Float" => Type::Const(TConst::Float),
+          "Bool" => Type::Const(TConst::Bool),
+          "String" => Type::Const(TConst::StringT),
+          _ => Type::Const(TConst::Nat),
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum TConst {
+  User(Rc<String>),
+  Unit,
+  Nat,
+  Int,
+  Float,
+  StringT,
+  Bool,
+}
+
+impl TConst {
+  fn user(name: &str) -> TConst {
+    TConst::User(Rc::new(name.to_string()))
+  }
+}
+*/
+
+impl<'a> TypeContext<'a> {
+  pub fn new() -> TypeContext<'a> {
+    TypeContext { 
+      variable_map: ScopeStack::new(None),
+      unification_table: UnificationTable::new(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*
+  fn new_env(&'a self, new_var: Rc<String>, ty: Type) -> TypeContext<'a> {
+    let mut new_context = TypeContext {
+      variable_map: self.variable_map.new_scope(None),
+      unification_table: UnificationTable::new(), //???? not sure if i want this
+    };
+
+    new_context.variable_map.insert(new_var, ty);
+    new_context
+  }
+  */
+
+
+  fn get_type_from_name(&self, name: &TypeIdentifier) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    use self::TypeIdentifier::*;
+    Ok(match name {
+      Singleton(TypeSingletonName { name,.. }) =>  {
+        match Type::from_string(&name) {
+          Some(ty) => ty,
+          None => return TypeError::new(format!("Unknown type name: {}", name))
+        }
+      },
+      Tuple(_) => return TypeError::new("tuples aren't ready yet"),
+    })
+  }
+
+  /// `typecheck` is the entry into the type-inference system, accepting an AST as an argument
+  /// Following the example of GHC, the compiler deliberately does typechecking before de-sugaring
+  /// the AST to ReducedAST
+  pub fn typecheck(&mut self, ast: &AST) -> Result<Type, TypeError> {
+    let mut returned_type = Type::Const(TypeConst::Unit);
+    for statement in ast.statements.iter() {
+      returned_type = self.statement(statement)?;
+    }
+    Ok(returned_type)
+  }
+
+  fn statement(&mut self, statement: &Statement) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    match &statement.kind {
+      StatementKind::Expression(e) => self.expr(e),
+      StatementKind::Declaration(decl) => self.decl(&decl),
+      StatementKind::Import(_) => Ok(ty!(Unit)),
+      StatementKind::Module(_) => Ok(ty!(Unit)),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn decl(&mut self, decl: &Declaration) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    use self::Declaration::*;
+    match decl {
+      Binding { name, expr, .. } => {
+        let ty = self.expr(expr)?;
+        self.variable_map.insert(name.clone(), ty);
+      },
+      _ => (),
+    }
+    Ok(ty!(Unit))
+  }
+
+  fn invoc(&mut self, invoc: &InvocationArgument) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    use InvocationArgument::*;
+    match invoc {
+      Positional(expr) => self.expr(expr),
+      _ => Ok(ty!(Nat)) //TODO this is wrong
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn expr(&mut self, expr: &Expression) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    match expr {
+      Expression { kind, type_anno: Some(anno), .. } => {
+        let t1 = self.expr_type(kind)?;
+        let t2 = self.get_type_from_name(anno)?;
+        self.unify(t2, t1)
+      },
+      Expression { kind, type_anno: None, .. } => self.expr_type(kind)
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn expr_type(&mut self, expr: &ExpressionKind) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    use self::ExpressionKind::*;
+    Ok(match expr {
+      NatLiteral(_) => ty!(Nat),
+      BoolLiteral(_) => ty!(Bool),
+      FloatLiteral(_) => ty!(Float),
+      StringLiteral(_) => ty!(StringT),
+      PrefixExp(op, expr) => self.prefix(op, expr)?,
+      BinExp(op, lhs, rhs) => self.binexp(op, lhs, rhs)?,
+      IfExpression { discriminator, body } => self.if_expr(deref_optional_box(discriminator), &**body)?,
+      Value(val) => self.handle_value(val)?,
+      Call { box ref f, arguments } => self.call(f, arguments)?,
+      Lambda { params, type_anno, body } => self.lambda(params, type_anno, body)?,
+      _ => ty!(Unit),
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn prefix(&mut self, op: &PrefixOp, expr: &Expression) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    let tf = match op.builtin.map(|b| b.get_type()) {
+      Some(ty) => ty,
+      None => return TypeError::new("no type found")
+    };
+
+    let tx = self.expr(expr)?;
+    self.handle_apply(tf, vec![tx])
+  }
+
+  fn binexp(&mut self, op: &BinOp, lhs: &Expression, rhs: &Expression) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    let tf = match op.builtin.map(|b| b.get_type()) {
+      Some(ty) => ty,
+      None => return TypeError::new("no type found"),
+    };
+
+    let t_lhs = self.expr(lhs)?;
+    let t_rhs = self.expr(rhs)?; //TODO is this order a problem? not sure
+
+    self.handle_apply(tf, vec![t_lhs, t_rhs])
+  }
+
+  fn if_expr(&mut self, discriminator: Option<&Expression>, body: &IfExpressionBody) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    use self::IfExpressionBody::*;
+    match (discriminator, body) {
+      (Some(expr), SimpleConditional{ then_case, else_case }) => self.handle_simple_if(expr, then_case, else_case),
+      _ => TypeError::new(format!("Complex conditionals not supported"))
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn handle_simple_if(&mut self, expr: &Expression, then_clause: &Block, else_clause: &Option<Block>) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    let t1 = self.expr(expr)?;
+    let t2 = self.block(then_clause)?;
+    let t3 = match else_clause {
+      Some(block) => self.block(block)?,
+      None => ty!(Unit)
+    };
+
+    let _ = self.unify(ty!(Bool), t1)?;
+    self.unify(t2, t3)
+  }
+
+  fn lambda(&mut self, params: &Vec<FormalParam>, type_anno: &Option<TypeIdentifier>, _body: &Block) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    let argument_types: InferResult<Vec<Type>> = params.iter().map(|param: &FormalParam| {
+      if let FormalParam { anno: Some(type_identifier), ..  } = param {
+        self.get_type_from_name(type_identifier)
+      } else {
+        Ok(Type::Var(self.fresh_type_variable()))
+      }
+    }).collect();
+    let argument_types = argument_types?;
+    let ret_type = match type_anno.as_ref() {
+      Some(anno) => self.get_type_from_name(anno)?,
+      None => Type::Var(self.fresh_type_variable())
+    };
+
+    Ok(ty!(argument_types, ret_type))
+  }
+
+  fn call(&mut self, f: &Expression, args: &Vec<InvocationArgument>) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    let tf = self.expr(f)?;
+    let arg_types: InferResult<Vec<Type>> = args.iter().map(|ex| self.invoc(ex)).collect();
+    let arg_types = arg_types?;
+    self.handle_apply(tf, arg_types)
+  }
+
+  fn handle_apply(&mut self, tf: Type, args: Vec<Type>) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    Ok(match tf {
+      Type::Arrow { ref params, ret: box ref t_ret } if params.len() == args.len() => {
+        for (t_param, t_arg) in params.iter().zip(args.iter()) {
+          let _ = self.unify(t_param.clone(), t_arg.clone())?; //TODO I think this needs to reference a sub-scope
+        }
+        t_ret.clone()
+      },
+      Type::Arrow { .. } => return TypeError::new("Wrong length"),
+      _ => return TypeError::new(format!("Not a function"))
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn block(&mut self, block: &Block) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    let mut output = ty!(Unit);
+    for statement in block.iter() {
+      output = self.statement(statement)?;
+    }
+    Ok(output)
+  }
+
+  fn handle_value(&mut self, val: &QualifiedName) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    let QualifiedName { components: vec, .. } = val;
+    let var = &vec[0];
+    match self.variable_map.lookup(var) {
+      Some(ty) => Ok(ty.clone()),
+      None => TypeError::new(format!("Couldn't find variable: {}", &var)),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn unify(&mut self, t1: Type, t2: Type) -> InferResult<Type> {
+    use self::Type::*;
+
+    match (t1, t2) {
+      (Const(ref c1), Const(ref c2)) if c1 == c2 => Ok(Const(c1.clone())), //choice of c1 is arbitrary I *think*
+      (a @ Var(_), b @ Const(_)) => self.unify(b, a),
+      (Const(ref c1), Var(ref v2)) => {
+        self.unification_table.unify_var_value(v2.clone(), Some(c1.clone()))
+          .or_else(|_| TypeError::new(format!("Couldn't unify {:?} and {:?}", Const(c1.clone()), Var(*v2))))?;
+        Ok(Const(c1.clone()))
+      },
+      (Var(v1), Var(v2)) => {
+        //TODO add occurs check
+        self.unification_table.unify_var_var(v1.clone(), v2.clone())
+          .or_else(|e| {
+            println!("Unify error: {:?}", e);
+            TypeError::new(format!("Two type variables {:?} and {:?} couldn't unify", v1, v2))
+          })?;
+        Ok(Var(v1.clone())) //arbitrary decision I think
+      },
+      (a, b) => TypeError::new(format!("{:?} and {:?} do not unify", a, b)),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn fresh_type_variable(&mut self) -> TypeVar {
+    let new_type_var = self.unification_table.new_key(None);
+    new_type_var
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod typechecking_tests {
+  use super::*;
+
+  macro_rules! assert_type_in_fresh_context {
+    ($string:expr, $type:expr) => {
+      let mut tc = TypeContext::new();
+      let (ref ast, _) = crate::util::quick_ast($string);
+      let ty = tc.typecheck(ast).unwrap();
+      assert_eq!(ty, $type)
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn basic_test() {
+    assert_type_in_fresh_context!("1", ty!(Nat));
+    assert_type_in_fresh_context!(r#""drugs""#, ty!(StringT));
+    assert_type_in_fresh_context!("true", ty!(Bool));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn operators() {
+    //TODO fix these with new operator regime
+    /*
+    assert_type_in_fresh_context!("-1", ty!(Int));
+    assert_type_in_fresh_context!("1 + 2", ty!(Nat));
+    assert_type_in_fresh_context!("-2", ty!(Int));
+    assert_type_in_fresh_context!("!true", ty!(Bool));
+    */
+  }
+}

schala-lang/language/src/util.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::cmp::Eq;
+use std::ops::Deref;
+
+pub fn deref_optional_box<T>(x: &Option<Box<T>>) -> Option<&T> {
+  x.as_ref().map(|b: &Box<T>| Deref::deref(b))
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+pub struct ScopeStack<'a, T: 'a, V: 'a>  where T: Hash + Eq {
+  parent: Option<&'a ScopeStack<'a, T, V>>,
+  values: HashMap<T, V>,
+  scope_name: Option<String>
+}
+
+impl<'a, T, V> ScopeStack<'a, T, V> where T: Hash + Eq {
+  pub fn new(name: Option<String>) -> ScopeStack<'a, T, V> where T: Hash + Eq {
+    ScopeStack {
+      parent: None,
+      values: HashMap::new(),
+      scope_name: name
+    }
+  }
+  pub fn insert(&mut self, key: T, value: V) where T: Hash + Eq {
+    self.values.insert(key, value);
+  }
+  pub fn lookup(&self, key: &T) -> Option<&V> where T: Hash + Eq {
+    match (self.values.get(key), self.parent) {
+      (None, None) => None,
+      (None, Some(parent)) => parent.lookup(key),
+      (Some(value), _) => Some(value),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn new_scope(&'a self, name: Option<String>) -> ScopeStack<'a, T, V> where T: Hash + Eq {
+    ScopeStack {
+      parent: Some(self),
+      values: HashMap::default(),
+      scope_name: name,
+    }
+  }
+  #[allow(dead_code)]
+  pub fn get_name(&self) -> Option<&String> {
+    self.scope_name.as_ref()
+  }
+}
+
+/// this is intended for use in tests, and does no error-handling whatsoever
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub fn quick_ast(input: &str) -> (crate::ast::AST, crate::source_map::SourceMap) {
+  use std::cell::RefCell;
+  use std::rc::Rc;
+
+  let source_map = crate::source_map::SourceMap::new();
+  let source_map_handle = Rc::new(RefCell::new(source_map));
+  let tokens = crate::tokenizing::tokenize(input);
+  let mut parser = crate::parsing::Parser::new(source_map_handle.clone());
+  parser.add_new_tokens(tokens);
+  let output = parser.parse();
+  std::mem::drop(parser);
+  (output.unwrap(), Rc::try_unwrap(source_map_handle).map_err(|_| ()).unwrap().into_inner())
+}
+
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
+macro_rules! rc {
+  ($string:tt) => { Rc::new(stringify!($string).to_string()) }
+}

schala-repl/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+[package]
+name = "schala-repl"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["greg <greg.shuflin@protonmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+llvm-sys = "70.0.2"
+take_mut = "0.2.2"
+itertools = "0.5.8"
+getopts = "0.2.18"
+lazy_static = "0.2.8"
+maplit = "*"
+colored = "1.8"
+serde = "1.0.91"
+serde_derive = "1.0.91"
+serde_json = "1.0.15"
+phf = "0.7.12"
+includedir = "0.2.0"
+linefeed = "0.6.0"
+regex = "0.2"
+
+[build-dependencies]
+includedir_codegen = "0.2.0"

schala-repl/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+extern crate includedir_codegen;
+
+use includedir_codegen::Compression;
+
+fn main() {
+    includedir_codegen::start("WEBFILES")
+        .dir("../static", Compression::Gzip)
+        .build("static.rs")
+        .unwrap();
+}

schala-repl/src/language.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+use std::time;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+pub trait ProgrammingLanguageInterface {
+  fn get_language_name(&self) -> String;
+  fn get_source_file_suffix(&self) -> String;
+
+  fn run_computation(&mut self, _request: ComputationRequest) -> ComputationResponse {
+    ComputationResponse {
+      main_output: Err(format!("Computation pipeline not implemented")),
+      global_output_stats: GlobalOutputStats::default(),
+      debug_responses: vec![],
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn request_meta(&mut self, _request: LangMetaRequest) -> LangMetaResponse {
+    LangMetaResponse::Custom { kind: format!("not-implemented"), value: format!("") }
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct ComputationRequest<'a> {
+  pub source: &'a str,
+  pub debug_requests: HashSet<DebugAsk>,
+}
+
+pub struct ComputationResponse {
+  pub main_output: Result<String, String>,
+  pub global_output_stats: GlobalOutputStats,
+  pub debug_responses: Vec<DebugResponse>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+pub struct GlobalOutputStats {
+  pub total_duration: time::Duration,
+  pub stage_durations: Vec<(String, time::Duration)>
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub enum DebugAsk {
+  Timing,
+  ByStage { stage_name: String, token: Option<String> },
+}
+
+impl DebugAsk {
+  pub fn is_for_stage(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
+    match self {
+      DebugAsk::ByStage { stage_name, .. } if stage_name == name => true,
+      _ => false
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct DebugResponse {
+  pub ask: DebugAsk,
+  pub value: String
+}
+
+pub enum LangMetaRequest {
+  StageNames,
+  Docs {
+    source: String,
+  },
+  Custom {
+    kind: String,
+    value: String
+  },
+  ImmediateDebug(DebugAsk),
+}
+
+pub enum LangMetaResponse {
+  StageNames(Vec<String>),
+  Docs {
+    doc_string: String,
+  },
+  Custom {
+    kind: String,
+    value: String
+  },
+  ImmediateDebug(DebugResponse),
+}

schala-repl/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#![feature(link_args)]
+#![feature(slice_patterns, box_patterns, box_syntax, proc_macro_hygiene, decl_macro)]
+#![feature(plugin)]
+extern crate getopts;
+extern crate linefeed;
+extern crate itertools;
+extern crate colored;
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate serde_derive;
+extern crate serde_json;
+extern crate includedir;
+extern crate phf;
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::Read;
+use std::process::exit;
+
+mod repl;
+mod language;
+
+pub use language::{ProgrammingLanguageInterface,
+ComputationRequest, ComputationResponse,
+LangMetaRequest, LangMetaResponse,
+DebugResponse, DebugAsk, GlobalOutputStats};
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/static.rs"));
+const VERSION_STRING: &'static str = "0.1.0";
+
+pub fn start_repl(langs: Vec<Box<dyn ProgrammingLanguageInterface>>) {
+  let options = command_line_options().parse(std::env::args()).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+    println!("{:?}", e);
+    exit(1);
+  });
+
+  if options.opt_present("help") {
+    println!("{}", command_line_options().usage("Schala metainterpreter"));
+    exit(0);
+  }
+
+  match options.free[..] {
+    [] | [_] => {
+      let mut repl = repl::Repl::new(langs);
+      repl.run_repl();
+    }
+    [_, ref filename, ..] => {
+      run_noninteractive(filename, langs);
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+fn run_noninteractive(filename: &str, languages: Vec<Box<dyn ProgrammingLanguageInterface>>) {
+  let path = Path::new(filename);
+  let ext = path.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+    println!("Source file lacks extension");
+    exit(1);
+  });
+  let mut language = Box::new(languages.into_iter().find(|lang| lang.get_source_file_suffix() == ext)
+    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+      println!("Extension .{} not recognized", ext);
+      exit(1);
+    }));
+
+  let mut source_file = File::open(path).unwrap();
+  let mut buffer = String::new();
+  source_file.read_to_string(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+
+  let request = ComputationRequest {
+    source: &buffer,
+    debug_requests: HashSet::new(),
+  };
+
+  let response = language.run_computation(request);
+  match response.main_output {
+    Ok(s) => println!("{}", s),
+    Err(s) => println!("{}", s)
+  };
+}
+
+
+fn command_line_options() -> getopts::Options {
+  let mut options = getopts::Options::new();
+  options.optflag("h",
+                  "help",
+                  "Show help text");
+  options.optflag("w",
+                  "webapp",
+                  "Start up web interpreter");
+  options
+}

schala-repl/src/repl/command_tree.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+use super::{Repl, InterpreterDirectiveOutput};
+use crate::repl::directive_actions::DirectiveAction;
+use colored::*;
+
+/// A CommandTree is either a `Terminal` or a `NonTerminal`. When command parsing reaches the first
+/// Terminal, it will use the `DirectiveAction` found there to find an appropriate function to execute,
+/// and then execute it with any remaining arguments
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum CommandTree {
+  Terminal {
+    name: String,
+    children: Vec<CommandTree>,
+    help_msg: Option<String>,
+    action: DirectiveAction,
+  },
+  NonTerminal {
+    name: String,
+    children: Vec<CommandTree>,
+    help_msg: Option<String>,
+    action: DirectiveAction,
+  },
+  Top(Vec<CommandTree>),
+}
+
+impl CommandTree {
+  pub fn nonterm_no_further_tab_completions(s: &str, help: Option<&str>) -> CommandTree {
+    CommandTree::NonTerminal {name: s.to_string(), help_msg: help.map(|x| x.to_string()), children: vec![], action: DirectiveAction::Null }
+  }
+
+  pub fn terminal(s: &str, help: Option<&str>, children: Vec<CommandTree>, action: DirectiveAction) -> CommandTree {
+    CommandTree::Terminal {name: s.to_string(), help_msg: help.map(|x| x.to_string()), children, action}
+  }
+
+  pub fn nonterm(s: &str, help: Option<&str>, children: Vec<CommandTree>) -> CommandTree {
+    CommandTree::NonTerminal {
+      name: s.to_string(),
+      help_msg: help.map(|x| x.to_string()),
+      children,
+      action: DirectiveAction::Null
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_cmd(&self) -> &str {
+    match self {
+      CommandTree::Terminal { name, .. } => name.as_str(),
+      CommandTree::NonTerminal {name, ..} => name.as_str(),
+      CommandTree::Top(_) => "",
+    }
+  }
+  pub fn get_help(&self) -> &str {
+    match self {
+      CommandTree::Terminal { help_msg, ..} => help_msg.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str()).unwrap_or("<no help text provided>"),
+      CommandTree::NonTerminal { help_msg, .. } => help_msg.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str()).unwrap_or("<no help text provided>"),
+      CommandTree::Top(_) => ""
+    }
+  }
+  pub fn get_children(&self) -> &Vec<CommandTree> {
+    use CommandTree::*;
+    match self {
+      Terminal { children, .. } |
+      NonTerminal { children, .. } |
+      Top(children) => children
+    }
+  }
+  pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+    self.get_children().iter().map(|x| x.get_cmd()).collect()
+  }
+
+  pub fn perform(&self, repl: &mut Repl, arguments: &Vec<&str>) -> InterpreterDirectiveOutput {
+    let mut dir_pointer: &CommandTree = self;
+    let mut idx = 0;
+
+    let res: Result<(DirectiveAction, usize), String> = loop {
+      match dir_pointer {
+        CommandTree::Top(subcommands) | CommandTree::NonTerminal { children: subcommands, .. } => {
+          let next_command = match arguments.get(idx) {
+            Some(cmd) => cmd,
+            None => break Err(format!("Command requires arguments"))
+          };
+          idx += 1;
+          match subcommands.iter().find(|sc| sc.get_cmd() == *next_command) {
+            Some(command_tree) => {
+              dir_pointer = command_tree;
+            },
+            None => break Err(format!("Command {} not found", next_command))
+          };
+        },
+        CommandTree::Terminal { action, .. } => {
+          break Ok((action.clone(), idx));
+        },
+      }
+    };
+
+    match res {
+      Ok((action, idx)) => action.perform(repl, &arguments[idx..]),
+      Err(err) => Some(err.red().to_string())
+    }
+  }
+}

schala-repl/src/repl/directive_actions.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+use super::{Repl, InterpreterDirectiveOutput};
+use crate::repl::help::help;
+use crate::language::{LangMetaRequest, LangMetaResponse, DebugAsk, DebugResponse}; 
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use std::fmt::Write as FmtWrite;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum DirectiveAction {
+  Null,
+  Help,
+  QuitProgram,
+  ListPasses,
+  ShowImmediate,
+  Show,
+  Hide,
+  TotalTimeOff,
+  TotalTimeOn,
+  StageTimeOff,
+  StageTimeOn,
+  Doc,
+}
+
+impl DirectiveAction {
+  pub fn perform(&self, repl: &mut Repl, arguments: &[&str]) -> InterpreterDirectiveOutput {
+    use DirectiveAction::*;
+    match self {
+      Null => None,
+      Help => help(repl, arguments),
+      QuitProgram => {
+        repl.save_before_exit();
+        ::std::process::exit(0)
+      },
+      ListPasses => {
+        let language_state = repl.get_cur_language_state();
+        let pass_names = match language_state.request_meta(LangMetaRequest::StageNames) {
+          LangMetaResponse::StageNames(names) => names,
+          _ => vec![],
+        };
+
+        let mut buf = String::new();
+        for pass in pass_names.iter().map(|name| Some(name)).intersperse(None) {
+          match pass {
+            Some(pass) => write!(buf, "{}", pass).unwrap(),
+            None => write!(buf, " -> ").unwrap(),
+          }
+        }
+        Some(buf)
+      },
+      ShowImmediate => {
+        let cur_state = repl.get_cur_language_state();
+        let stage_name = match arguments.get(0) {
+          Some(s) => s.to_string(),
+          None => return Some(format!("Must specify a thing to debug")),
+        };
+        let meta = LangMetaRequest::ImmediateDebug(DebugAsk::ByStage { stage_name: stage_name.clone(), token: None });
+        let meta_response = cur_state.request_meta(meta);
+
+        let response = match meta_response {
+          LangMetaResponse::ImmediateDebug(DebugResponse { ask, value }) => match  ask {
+            DebugAsk::ByStage { stage_name: ref this_stage_name, ..} if *this_stage_name == stage_name => value,
+            _ => return Some(format!("Wrong debug stage"))
+          },
+          _ => return Some(format!("Invalid language meta response")),
+        };
+        Some(response)
+      },
+      Show => {
+        let this_stage_name = match arguments.get(0) {
+          Some(s) => s.to_string(),
+          None => return Some(format!("Must specify a stage to show")),
+        };
+        let token = arguments.get(1).map(|s| s.to_string());
+        repl.options.debug_asks.retain(|ask| match ask {
+          DebugAsk::ByStage { stage_name, .. } if *stage_name == this_stage_name => false,
+          _ => true
+        });
+
+        let ask = DebugAsk::ByStage { stage_name: this_stage_name, token };
+        repl.options.debug_asks.insert(ask);
+        None
+      },
+      Hide => {
+        let stage_name_to_remove = match arguments.get(0) {
+          Some(s) => s.to_string(),
+          None => return Some(format!("Must specify a stage to hide")),
+        };
+        repl.options.debug_asks.retain(|ask| match ask {
+          DebugAsk::ByStage { stage_name, .. } if *stage_name == stage_name_to_remove => false,
+          _ => true
+        });
+        None
+      },
+      TotalTimeOff => total_time_off(repl, arguments),
+      TotalTimeOn => total_time_on(repl, arguments),
+      StageTimeOff => stage_time_off(repl, arguments),
+      StageTimeOn => stage_time_on(repl, arguments),
+      Doc => doc(repl, arguments),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+fn total_time_on(repl: &mut Repl, _: &[&str]) -> InterpreterDirectiveOutput {
+  repl.options.show_total_time = true;
+  None
+}
+
+fn total_time_off(repl: &mut Repl, _: &[&str]) -> InterpreterDirectiveOutput {
+  repl.options.show_total_time = false;
+  None
+}
+
+fn stage_time_on(repl: &mut Repl, _: &[&str]) -> InterpreterDirectiveOutput {
+  repl.options.show_stage_times = true;
+  None
+}
+
+fn stage_time_off(repl: &mut Repl, _: &[&str]) -> InterpreterDirectiveOutput {
+  repl.options.show_stage_times = false;
+  None
+}
+
+fn doc(repl: &mut Repl, arguments: &[&str]) -> InterpreterDirectiveOutput {
+  arguments.get(0).map(|cmd| {
+    let source = cmd.to_string();
+    let meta = LangMetaRequest::Docs { source };
+    let cur_state = repl.get_cur_language_state();
+    match cur_state.request_meta(meta) {
+      LangMetaResponse::Docs { doc_string } => Some(doc_string),
+      _ => Some(format!("Invalid doc response"))
+    }
+  }).unwrap_or(Some(format!(":docs needs an argument")))
+}
+

schala-repl/src/repl/directives.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use crate::repl::command_tree::CommandTree;
+use crate::repl::directive_actions::DirectiveAction;
+
+pub fn directives_from_pass_names(pass_names: &Vec<String>) -> CommandTree {
+  let passes_directives: Vec<CommandTree> = pass_names.iter()
+    .map(|pass_name| {
+      if pass_name == "parsing" {
+        CommandTree::nonterm(pass_name, None, vec![
+          CommandTree::nonterm_no_further_tab_completions("compact", None),
+          CommandTree::nonterm_no_further_tab_completions("expanded", None),
+          CommandTree::nonterm_no_further_tab_completions("trace", None),
+        ])
+      } else {
+        CommandTree::nonterm_no_further_tab_completions(pass_name, None) 
+      }
+    })
+    .collect();
+  CommandTree::Top(get_list(&passes_directives, true))
+}
+
+fn get_list(passes_directives: &Vec<CommandTree>, include_help: bool) -> Vec<CommandTree> {
+  use DirectiveAction::*;
+
+  vec![
+    CommandTree::terminal("exit", Some("exit the REPL"), vec![], QuitProgram),
+    CommandTree::terminal("quit", Some("exit the REPL"), vec![], QuitProgram),
+    CommandTree::terminal("help", Some("Print this help message"), if include_help { get_list(passes_directives, false) } else { vec![] }, Help),
+    CommandTree::nonterm("debug",
+      Some("Configure debug information"),
+      vec![
+        CommandTree::terminal("list-passes", Some("List all registered compiler passes"), vec![], ListPasses),
+        CommandTree::terminal("show-immediate", None, passes_directives.clone(), ShowImmediate),
+        CommandTree::terminal("show", Some("Show debug output for a specific pass"), passes_directives.clone(), Show),
+        CommandTree::terminal("hide", Some("Hide debug output for a specific pass"), passes_directives.clone(), Hide),
+        CommandTree::nonterm("total-time", None, vec![
+          CommandTree::terminal("on", None, vec![], TotalTimeOn), 
+          CommandTree::terminal("off", None, vec![], TotalTimeOff),
+        ]),
+        CommandTree::nonterm("stage-times", Some("Computation time per-stage"), vec![
+          CommandTree::terminal("on", None, vec![], StageTimeOn),
+          CommandTree::terminal("off", None, vec![], StageTimeOff),
+        ])
+      ]
+    ),
+    CommandTree::nonterm("lang",
+      Some("switch between languages, or go directly to a langauge by name"),
+      vec![
+        CommandTree::nonterm_no_further_tab_completions("next", None),
+        CommandTree::nonterm_no_further_tab_completions("prev", None),
+        CommandTree::nonterm("go", None, vec![]),
+      ]
+    ),
+    CommandTree::terminal("doc", Some("Get language-specific help for an item"), vec![], Doc),
+  ]
+}

schala-repl/src/repl/help.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use std::fmt::Write as FmtWrite;
+
+use colored::*;
+use super::command_tree::CommandTree;
+use super::{Repl, InterpreterDirectiveOutput};
+
+pub fn help(repl: &mut Repl, arguments: &[&str]) -> InterpreterDirectiveOutput {
+  match arguments {
+    [] =>  return global_help(repl),
+    commands => {
+      let dirs = repl.get_directives();
+      Some(match get_directive_from_commands(commands, &dirs) {
+        None => format!("Directive `{}` not found", commands.last().unwrap()),
+        Some(dir) => {
+          let mut buf = String::new();
+          let cmd = dir.get_cmd();
+          let children = dir.get_children();
+          writeln!(buf, "`{}` - {}", cmd, dir.get_help()).unwrap();
+          for sub in children.iter() {
+            writeln!(buf, "\t`{} {}` - {}", cmd, sub.get_cmd(), sub.get_help()).unwrap();
+          }
+          buf
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+fn get_directive_from_commands<'a>(commands: &[&str], dirs: &'a CommandTree) -> Option<&'a CommandTree> {
+  let mut directive_list = dirs.get_children();
+  let mut matched_directive = None;
+  for cmd in commands {
+    let found = directive_list.iter().find(|directive| directive.get_cmd() == *cmd);
+    if let Some(dir) = found {
+      directive_list = dir.get_children();
+    }
+
+    matched_directive = found;
+  }
+  matched_directive
+}
+
+fn global_help(repl: &mut Repl) -> InterpreterDirectiveOutput {
+  let mut buf = String::new();
+  let sigil = repl.interpreter_directive_sigil;
+
+  writeln!(buf, "{} version {}", "Schala REPL".bright_red().bold(), crate::VERSION_STRING).unwrap();
+  writeln!(buf, "-----------------------").unwrap();
+
+  for directive in repl.get_directives().get_children() {
+    writeln!(buf, "{}{} - {}", sigil, directive.get_cmd(), directive.get_help()).unwrap();
+  }
+
+  let ref lang = repl.get_cur_language_state();
+  writeln!(buf, "").unwrap();
+  writeln!(buf, "Language-specific help for {}", lang.get_language_name()).unwrap();
+  writeln!(buf, "-----------------------").unwrap();
+  Some(buf)
+}

schala-repl/src/repl/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use crate::language::{ProgrammingLanguageInterface,
+ComputationRequest, LangMetaResponse, LangMetaRequest};
+
+mod command_tree;
+use self::command_tree::CommandTree;
+mod repl_options;
+use repl_options::ReplOptions;
+mod directive_actions;
+mod directives;
+use directives::directives_from_pass_names;
+mod help;
+mod response;
+use response::ReplResponse;
+
+const HISTORY_SAVE_FILE: &'static str = ".schala_history";
+const OPTIONS_SAVE_FILE: &'static str = ".schala_repl";
+
+type InterpreterDirectiveOutput = Option<String>;
+
+pub struct Repl {
+  pub interpreter_directive_sigil: char,
+  line_reader: ::linefeed::interface::Interface<::linefeed::terminal::DefaultTerminal>,
+  language_states: Vec<Box<dyn ProgrammingLanguageInterface>>,
+  options: ReplOptions,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+enum PromptStyle {
+  Normal,
+  Multiline
+}
+
+impl Repl {
+  pub fn new(initial_states: Vec<Box<dyn ProgrammingLanguageInterface>>) -> Repl {
+    use linefeed::Interface;
+    let line_reader = Interface::new("schala-repl").unwrap();
+    let interpreter_directive_sigil = ':';
+
+    Repl {
+      interpreter_directive_sigil,
+      line_reader,
+      language_states: initial_states,
+      options: ReplOptions::new(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn run_repl(&mut self) {
+    println!("Schala MetaInterpreter version {}", crate::VERSION_STRING);
+    println!("Type {}help for help with the REPL", self.interpreter_directive_sigil);
+    self.load_options();
+    self.handle_repl_loop();
+    self.save_before_exit();
+    println!("Exiting...");
+  }
+
+  fn load_options(&mut self) {
+    self.line_reader.load_history(HISTORY_SAVE_FILE).unwrap_or(());
+    match ReplOptions::load_from_file(OPTIONS_SAVE_FILE) {
+      Ok(options) => {
+        self.options = options;
+      },
+      Err(()) => ()
+    };
+  }
+
+  fn handle_repl_loop(&mut self) {
+    use linefeed::ReadResult::*;
+    let sigil = self.interpreter_directive_sigil;
+
+    'main: loop {
+      macro_rules! match_or_break {
+        ($line:expr) => {
+          match $line {
+            Err(e) => {
+              println!("readline IO Error: {}", e);
+              break 'main;
+            },
+            Ok(Eof) | Ok(Signal(_)) => break 'main,
+            Ok(Input(ref input)) => input,
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      self.update_line_reader();
+      let line = self.line_reader.read_line();
+      let input: &str = match_or_break!(line);
+
+      self.line_reader.add_history_unique(input.to_string());
+      let mut chars = input.chars().peekable();
+      let repl_responses = match chars.nth(0) {
+        Some(ch) if ch == sigil => {
+          if chars.peek() == Some(&'{') {
+            let mut buf = String::new();
+            buf.push_str(input.get(2..).unwrap());
+            'multiline: loop {
+              self.set_prompt(PromptStyle::Multiline);
+              let new_line = self.line_reader.read_line();
+              let new_input = match_or_break!(new_line);
+              if new_input.starts_with(":}") {
+                break 'multiline;
+              } else {
+                buf.push_str(new_input);
+                buf.push_str("\n");
+              }
+            }
+            self.handle_input(&buf)
+          } else {
+            match self.handle_interpreter_directive(input) {
+              Some(directive_output) => println!("<> {}", directive_output),
+              None => (),
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+        },
+        _ => self.handle_input(input)
+      };
+
+      for repl_response in repl_responses.iter() {
+        println!("{}", repl_response);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn update_line_reader(&mut self) {
+    let tab_complete_handler = TabCompleteHandler::new(self.interpreter_directive_sigil, self.get_directives());
+    self.line_reader.set_completer(Arc::new(tab_complete_handler)); //TODO fix this here
+    self.set_prompt(PromptStyle::Normal);
+  }
+
+  fn set_prompt(&mut self, prompt_style: PromptStyle) {
+    let prompt_str = match prompt_style {
+      PromptStyle::Normal => ">> ".to_string(),
+      PromptStyle::Multiline => ">| ".to_string(),
+    };
+
+    self.line_reader.set_prompt(&prompt_str).unwrap();
+  }
+
+  fn save_before_exit(&self) {
+    self.line_reader.save_history(HISTORY_SAVE_FILE).unwrap_or(());
+    self.options.save_to_file(OPTIONS_SAVE_FILE);
+  }
+
+  fn handle_interpreter_directive(&mut self, input: &str) -> InterpreterDirectiveOutput {
+    let mut iter = input.chars();
+    iter.next();
+    let arguments: Vec<&str> = iter
+      .as_str()
+      .split_whitespace()
+      .collect();
+
+    if arguments.len() < 1 {
+      return None;
+    }
+
+    let directives = self.get_directives();
+    directives.perform(self, &arguments)
+  }
+
+  fn get_cur_language_state(&mut self) -> &mut Box<dyn ProgrammingLanguageInterface> {
+    //TODO this is obviously not complete
+    &mut self.language_states[0]
+  }
+
+  fn handle_input(&mut self, input: &str) -> Vec<ReplResponse> {
+    let mut debug_requests = HashSet::new();
+    for ask in self.options.debug_asks.iter() {
+      debug_requests.insert(ask.clone());
+    }
+
+    let request = ComputationRequest { source: input, debug_requests };
+    let ref mut language_state = self.get_cur_language_state();
+    let response = language_state.run_computation(request);
+    response::handle_computation_response(response, &self.options)
+  }
+
+  fn get_directives(&mut self) -> CommandTree {
+    let language_state = self.get_cur_language_state();
+    let pass_names = match language_state.request_meta(LangMetaRequest::StageNames) {
+      LangMetaResponse::StageNames(names) => names,
+      _ => vec![],
+    };
+
+    directives_from_pass_names(&pass_names)
+  }
+}
+
+
+struct TabCompleteHandler {
+  sigil: char,
+  top_level_commands: CommandTree,
+}
+
+use linefeed::complete::{Completion, Completer};
+use linefeed::terminal::Terminal;
+
+impl TabCompleteHandler {
+  fn new(sigil: char, top_level_commands: CommandTree) -> TabCompleteHandler {
+    TabCompleteHandler {
+      top_level_commands,
+      sigil,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<T: Terminal> Completer<T> for TabCompleteHandler {
+  fn complete(&self, word: &str, prompter: &::linefeed::prompter::Prompter<T>, start: usize, _end: usize) -> Option<Vec<Completion>> {
+    let line = prompter.buffer();
+
+    if !line.starts_with(self.sigil) {
+      return None;
+    }
+
+    let mut words = line[1..(if start == 0 { 1 } else { start })].split_whitespace();
+    let mut completions = Vec::new();
+    let mut command_tree: Option<&CommandTree> = Some(&self.top_level_commands);
+
+    loop {
+      match words.next() {
+        None => {
+          let top = match command_tree {
+            Some(CommandTree::Top(_)) => true,
+            _ => false
+          };
+          let word = if top { word.get(1..).unwrap() } else { word };
+          for cmd in command_tree.map(|x| x.get_subcommands()).unwrap_or(vec![]).into_iter() {
+            if cmd.starts_with(word) {
+              completions.push(Completion {
+                completion: format!("{}{}", if top { ":" } else { "" }, cmd),
+                display: Some(cmd.to_string()),
+                suffix: ::linefeed::complete::Suffix::Some(' ')
+              })
+            }
+          }
+          break;
+        },
+        Some(s) => {
+          let new_ptr: Option<&CommandTree> = command_tree.and_then(|cm| match cm {
+            CommandTree::Top(children) => children.iter().find(|c| c.get_cmd() == s),
+            CommandTree::NonTerminal { children, .. } => children.iter().find(|c| c.get_cmd() == s),
+            CommandTree::Terminal { children, .. } => children.iter().find(|c| c.get_cmd() == s),
+          });
+          command_tree = new_ptr;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    Some(completions)
+  }
+}

schala-repl/src/repl/repl_options.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use crate::language::DebugAsk;
+
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::fs::File;
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ReplOptions {
+  pub debug_asks: HashSet<DebugAsk>,
+  pub show_total_time: bool,
+  pub show_stage_times: bool,
+}
+
+impl ReplOptions {
+  pub fn new() -> ReplOptions {
+    ReplOptions {
+      debug_asks: HashSet::new(),
+      show_total_time: true,
+      show_stage_times: false,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn save_to_file(&self, filename: &str) {
+    let res = File::create(filename)
+      .and_then(|mut file| {
+        let buf = crate::serde_json::to_string(self).unwrap();
+        file.write_all(buf.as_bytes())
+      });
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+      println!("Error saving {} file {}", filename, err);
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn load_from_file(filename: &str) -> Result<ReplOptions, ()> {
+    File::open(filename)
+      .and_then(|mut file| {
+        let mut contents = String::new();
+        file.read_to_string(&mut contents)?;
+        Ok(contents)
+      })
+    .and_then(|contents| {
+      let output: ReplOptions = crate::serde_json::from_str(&contents)?;
+      Ok(output)
+    })
+    .map_err(|_| ())
+  }
+}

schala-repl/src/repl/response.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+use colored::*;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::fmt::Write;
+
+use super::ReplOptions;
+use crate::language::{ DebugAsk, ComputationResponse};
+
+pub struct ReplResponse {
+  label: Option<String>,
+  text: String,
+  color: Option<Color>
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ReplResponse {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    let mut buf = String::new();
+    if let Some(ref label) = self.label {
+      write!(buf, "({})", label).unwrap();
+    }
+    write!(buf, "=> {}", self.text).unwrap();
+    write!(f, "{}", match self.color {
+      Some(c) => buf.color(c),
+      None => buf.normal()
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+
+pub fn handle_computation_response(response: ComputationResponse, options: &ReplOptions) -> Vec<ReplResponse> {
+  let mut responses = vec![];
+
+  if options.show_total_time {
+    responses.push(ReplResponse {
+      label: Some("Total time".to_string()),
+      text: format!("{:?}", response.global_output_stats.total_duration),
+      color: None,
+    });
+  }
+
+  if options.show_stage_times {
+    responses.push(ReplResponse {
+      label: Some("Stage times".to_string()),
+      text: format!("{:?}", response.global_output_stats.stage_durations),
+      color: None,
+    });
+  }
+
+  for debug_resp in response.debug_responses {
+    let stage_name = match debug_resp.ask {
+      DebugAsk::ByStage { stage_name, .. } => stage_name,
+      _ => continue,
+    };
+    responses.push(ReplResponse {
+      label: Some(stage_name.to_string()),
+      text: debug_resp.value,
+      color: Some(Color::Red),
+    });
+  }
+
+  responses.push(match response.main_output {
+    Ok(s) => ReplResponse { label: None, text: s, color: None },
+    Err(e) => ReplResponse { label: Some("Error".to_string()), text: e, color: Some(Color::Red) },
+  });
+
+  responses
+}
+

source_files/closure.maaru

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+
+
+fn outer() {
+    fn inner(a) {
+        a + 10
+    }
+
+    inner(20) + 8.3
+}
+
+outer()

source_files/compile.maaru

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+
+fn hella(a, b) {
+    a + b
+}
+
+fn paha(x, y, z) {
+    x * y * z
+}
+
+a = 1
+
+c = if a {
+    10
+} else {
+    20
+}
+
+q = 4
+q = q + 2
+q + 1 + c
+

source_files/conditional.maaru

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+if 20 {
+    a = 20
+    b = 30
+    c = 40
+    a + b + c
+} else  {
+    Null
+}

source_files/lambda.maaru

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+
+(fn(q) { q * 2 }(25))
+
+a = fn(x) { x + 5 }
+a(2)

source_files/main.maaru

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+fn add(a, b) {
+   a + b
+}
+
+fn subtract(a, b) {
+    a - b
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    first_value = add(20, 20)
+    second_value = subtract(700, 650)
+    first_value + second_value
+}
+
+main()
+

source_files/recurse.maaru

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+
+fn hella(x) {
+    print("hey")
+    if x == 3 {
+        Null
+    } else {
+        hella(x + 1)
+    }
+}
+
+hella(0)
+        
+
+
+fn fib(x) {
+    if x < 3 {
+      1
+    } else {
+      fib(x - 1) + fib(x - 2)
+    }
+}
+
+fib(10)

source_files/schala/does_scope_work.schala

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+let c = 10
+
+fn add(a, b) {
+  let c = a + b
+  c
+}
+
+let mut b = 20
+
+println(add(1,2))
+println(c + b)

source_files/schala/first_program.schala

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+fn main() {
+  let a = 10
+  let b = 20
+  a + b
+}
+
+//this is a one-line comment
+
+/* this is
+a multiline
+comment
+*/
+
+print(main())
+
+
+

source_files/schala/fizzbuzz.schala

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+for n <- 1..=100 {
+  if n % 15 == 0 {
+    print("FizzBuzz")
+  } else if n % 5 == 0 {
+    print("Buzz")
+  } else if n % 3 == 0 {
+    print("Fizz")
+  } else {
+    print(n.to_string())
+  }
+}

source_files/schala/syntax_playground.schala

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+
+fn main() {
+
+//comments are C-style
+/* nested comments /* are cool */ */
+
+}
+
+@annotations are with @-
+
+// variable expressions
+  var a: I32 = 20
+  const b: String = 20
+
+  there(); can(); be(); multiple(); statements(); per_line();
+
+  //string interpolation
+  const yolo = "I have ${a + b} people in my house"
+
+  // let expressions ??? not sure if I want this
+  let a = 10, b = 20, c = 30 in a + b + c
+
+  //list literal
+  const q = [1,2,3,4]
+
+  //lambda literal 
+  q.map({|item| item * 100 })
+
+  fn yolo(a: MyType, b: YourType): ReturnType<Param1, Param2> {
+    if a == 20 {
+      return "early"
+    }
+    var sex = 20
+    sex
+  }
+
+
+/* for/while loop topics */
+
+   //infinite loop
+   while {
+     if x() { break }
+     ...
+   }
+
+
+   //conditional loop
+   while conditionHolds() {
+      ...
+   }
+
+
+  //iteration over a variable
+  for i <- [1..1000]  {
+
+  } //return type is return type of block
+
+
+  //monadic decomposition
+  for {
+    a <- maybeInt();
+    s <- foo() 
+  } return {
+    a + s
+  } //return type is Monad<return type of block>
+
+/* end of for loops */
+
+
+
+/* conditionals/pattern matching */
+
+// "is" operator for "does this pattern match"
+
+x is Some(t) // type bool
+
+if x {
+  is Some(t) => {
+  },
+  is None => {
+
+  }
+}
+
+
+ //syntax is, I guess, for <expr> <brace-block>, where <expr> is a bool, or a <arrow-expr>
+
+ // type level alises
+ typealias <name> = <other type> #maybe thsi should be 'alias'?
+
+/*
+what if type A = B meant that you could had to create A's with A(B), but when you used A's the interface was exactly like B's?
+ maybe introduce a 'newtype' keyword for this
+ */
+
+ //declaring types of all stripes
+ type MyData = { a: i32, b: String }
+ type MyType = MyType
+ type Option<a> = None | Some(a)
+ type Signal = Absence | SimplePresence(i32) | ComplexPresence {a: i32, b: MyCustomData}
+
+ //traits
+ 
+ trait Bashable { }
+ trait Luggable {
+  fn lug(self, a: Option<Self>)
+ }
+
+}
+
+
+// lambdas
+// ruby-style not rust-style
+const a: X -> Y -> Z = {|x,y|  }

source_files/schala/test.schala

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+println(sua(4))
+
+fn sua(x): Int {
+  x + 10
+}
+
+
+//let a = getline()
+
+/*
+if a == "true" {
+  println("You typed true")
+} else {
+  println("You typed something else")
+}
+*/

source_files/test.maaru

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+fn a(x) {
+    x + 20
+}
+
+fn x(x) {
+    x + a(9384)
+}
+
+a(0)
+x(1)
+

source_files/test.rukka

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+(display (+ 1 2))
+(display "Hello")

source_files/unicode.maaru

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+fn めんどくさい(a) {
+    a + 20
+}
+
+print(めんどくさい(394))
+
+

source_files/while.maaru

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+
+a = 0
+while a < 100000
+  print("hello", a)
+  a = a + 1
+end

src/main.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
+extern crate schala_repl;
+
+//extern crate maaru_lang;
+//extern crate rukka_lang;
+//extern crate robo_lang;
+extern crate schala_lang;
+use schala_repl::{ProgrammingLanguageInterface, start_repl};
+
+extern { }
+
 fn main() {
-    println!("Hello, world!");
+  let langs: Vec<Box<dyn ProgrammingLanguageInterface>> = vec![Box::new(schala_lang::Schala::new())];
+  start_repl(langs);
 }
+

static/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Schala Metainterpreter Web Evaluator</title>
+    <style>
+      .CodeArea {
+        display: flex;
+        flex-direction: row;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="main">
+    </div>
+    <script src="bundle.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>

static/main.jsx

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+const React = require("react");
+const ReactDOM = require("react-dom");
+const superagent = require("superagent");
+
+const serverAddress = "http://localhost:8000";
+
+class CodeArea extends React.Component {
+  constructor(props) {
+    super(props);
+    this.state = {value: "", lastOutput: null};
+    this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this);
+    this.submit = this.submit.bind(this);
+  }
+
+  handleChange(event) {
+    this.setState({value: event.target.value});
+  }
+
+  submit(event) {
+    console.log("Event", this.state.value);
+    const source = this.state.value;
+
+    superagent.post(`${serverAddress}/input`)
+      .send({ source })
+      .set("accept", "json")
+      .end((error, response) => {
+        if (response) {
+          console.log("Resp", response);
+          this.setState({lastOutput: response.body.text})
+        } else {
+          console.error("Error: ", error);
+        }
+      });
+  }
+
+  renderOutput() {
+    if (!this.state.lastOutput) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return <textarea readOnly value={ this.state.lastOutput } />;
+  }
+
+  render() {
+    return (<div className="CodeArea">
+      <div className="input">
+        <textarea value={ this.state.value } onChange={this.handleChange}>
+        </textarea>
+        <button onClick={ this.submit }>Run!</button>
+      </div>
+      <div className="output">
+        { this.renderOutput() }
+      </div>
+    </div>);
+  }
+}
+
+const main = (<div>
+  <h1>Schala web input</h1>
+  <p>Write your source code here</p>
+  <CodeArea/>
+</div>);
+
+const rootDom = document.getElementById("main");
+ReactDOM.render(main, rootDom);

static/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "name": "static",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.js",
+  "license": "MIT",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "babel": "^6.23.0",
+    "babel-preset-es2015": "^6.24.1",
+    "babel-preset-react": "^6.24.1",
+    "babelify": "^7.3.0",
+    "browserify": "^14.4.0",
+    "react": "^15.6.1",
+    "react-dom": "^15.6.1",
+    "superagent": "^3.6.3",
+    "uglify-js": "^3.1.1"
+  },
+  "babel": {
+    "presets": [
+      "babel-preset-react",
+      "babel-preset-es2015"
+    ]
+  },
+  "scripts": {
+    "build": "browserify main.jsx -t babelify -o bundle.js",
+    "build-minify": "browserify main.jsx -t babelify | uglifyjs > bundle.js"
+  }
+}